We know that when students collaborate offline on complex tasks, they perform better together than when working alone. Strikingly, however, a recent pilot (N=86) suggested this effect was completely reversed in an online environment. This raises serious doubts whether collaborative learning theories apply to digital education. Understanding the impact and dynamics of online versus offline collaboration is essential for designing effective learning environments. This project investigates how social settings (individually or together) and environment (online or offline) affect student performance and engagement across tasks of varying complexity. Its outcomes are expected to fundamentally change our understanding of collaborative learning.