Obesity is a major health problem in developed countries and a growing one in the developing world. Obesity-related diseases account for up to 8% of health costs in Europe. However, despite this, efficient anti-obesity treatments are currently lacking. Thus, because of the social and medical burden represented by obesity, intense research in recent years has been focusing on understanding the physiology of energy balance regulation, in order to identify possible therapeutic targets that will help halt obesity and its disastrous consequences. Such efforts have lately led to discover the role of several molecular pathways also known as “fuel sensing” mechanisms that, particularly within the hypothalamus, modulate feeding behavior and body weight, and whose activity can go awry in obesity. One of such cellular pathways is the mammalian Target of Rapamycin complex 1(mTORC1) signaling cascade. We have recently demonstrated that mTORC1 signaling, which is known to control protein synthesis and cell growth, integrates cellular fuel status with hormonal-related signaling in specific populations of hypothalamic neurons that use this information to regulate energy balance. Processes like neurogenesis and neuroinflammation in the adult hypothalamus have also been lately implicated in the regulation of energy balance. Recent evidence has shown that induction of neurogenesis in the adult hypothalamus is the mechanism underlying the ability of neurotrophic factors, like ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF), to maintain the body weight loss induced by the drug in diet-induced obese animals even beyond treatment cessation. Conversely, hypothalamic neuroinflammation has a causal role in the development of hyperphagia and obesity. Interestingly, neuroinflammation is known to modulate adult neurogenesis. Furthermore, we have shown that hypothalamic mTORC1 signaling critically mediates CNTF actions on food intake and body weight. Thus, in the present project we aim at determining the link among the mTORC1 pathway, the reciprocal modulation of hypothalamic adult neurogenesis and neuroinflammation and the consequent regulation of energy balance. In particular, we will study whether mTORC1 signaling has a critical role in mediating the long-term effects of CNTF treatment on body weight loss; we will establish whether such involvement is due to the modulation of either hypothalamic adult neurogenesis or neuroinflammation and we will finally clarify whether decreased hypothalamic neuroinflammation critically regulates energy balance by favoring neurogenesis through an mTORC1-dependent mechanism. To reach our goals we will combine genetic, pharmacological, behavioral, metabolic, neuroanatomical and molecular approaches. The use of these approaches will therefore allow us obtaining a very detailed characterization of the molecular and neuronal mechanisms that might underline the actual link among caloric intake, relative changes in brain neuroanatomy and molecular function and actual behavior. Taking into account the epidemic of obesity and the health threat that it represents, we expect that our studies will lead to a better understanding of the physiopathological mechanisms leading to this disease, thus helping find new therapeutic approaches to tackle and eventually prevent obesity and its associated consequences.