This project aims to develop a new device of measurement and follow-up of the temperature in tools at the time of machining in severe conditions strong added value material. It will be a particular question of carrying out a transfer technology between the university laboratories implied in this project and ACTARUS [Part. 2] company concerned with this sphere of activity. This transfer will directly be applied on composite parts machining with the SLCA [Part. 3] company. The mechanical behavior of materials with respect to the requests to which they are subjected at the time of their use depends mainly on the choices adopted at the time of their implementation. Technological solutions exist to minimize the thermomechanical constraints at the time of matter removal and thus to preserve the integrity of machined material. Indeed, the processes of machining very high speed (UTGV), the coatings of tool and it micro lubrication are as many solutions which make it possible to minimize the heat sources terms relating to the tribological phenomena the level of the interfaces tool - matter. Nevertheless, each one of these solutions must be adapted to the configuration of machining met (couple tool - matter) and, on the other hand, difficult to implement in the framework of composite material machining. The numeric digital codes of thermomechanical simulation of the cut developed since ten years are very powerful but cannot be used in the objective to follow and control machining in real time. Company ACTARUS is specialized in the development and the marketing of technologies, products and services associated for control with machining in real time, which implements the patented system of measurement uninterrupted of the temperature of cut in machining. It developed tools equipped with thermal sensors which make it possible to follow the change of the temperature in points very close to the zone of cut. This single device was established on various factories site (CEA, MECACHROME, PSA, PCI, MONTUPET...). To have a more precise knowledge of the energy balance of the cut, the TREFLE [Part. 1] and the IMS [Part. 5] have developed for a few years a new methodology which consists in estimating the heat flux applied to the tool by inverse method. This approach requires on the one hand the temperature measurement in one or more points in the tool and on the other hand the development of a model binding the heat flux to the temperature in the tool. The complexity of the tools used nowadays in the industrial sector (presence of a coating, geometrical configuration of the tool...) led us to establish this model by system identification. Our project first of all consists in applying the methodology developed by the TREFLE and the IMS to the devices of follow-up and control in machining marketed by company ACTARUS. Direct applications are then envisaged within the SLCA company concerning the machining of composite materials in severe conditions. A second aspect of our project is to carry out a characterization bench of the tool where the rise in temperature reached at a peak of tool will be of the same order of magnitude as that met during machining (a few hundreds of degrees). For the achievement of this second objective, the LNE [Part. 4] will place at the disposal its competences in the field of the metrology of the lasers of power.

The objective of MAP’OPT project is to explain, quantify and model the effects of modified atmospheres according to packaging film type. Interactions between determining factors and their effects on the effectiveness of MAP will be evaluated. In parallel, methods will be assessed to characterise the effect of gas on food properties. The main factors that will be studied include the characteristics of films, gas composition, their diffusion properties, headspace volume and the weight of the food product. The nature of microorganisms and their respiratory metabolism (aerobic, anaerobic, microaerophilic) are also key factors in this project. Only non-respiring food products will be studied. Impact of gas composition in the headspace on spoilage mechanisms as oxidation will be evaluated. The input data of this project include the available and/or published data on the microbial behaviour under modified atmospheres and on the specific effects of each gas, already acquired knowledge on the gas diffusion through the film or between the headspace and the food product and the laws that govern the diffusion of gases. A general schematic diagramme of the model will be validated and the necessary data for defining the parameters of the models will be collected. The underlying assumptions of the model will be validated: laws of gas diffusion and models on the effects of gas on microbial growth curves. Based on new, acquired and existing data, we will construct models that can assess microbial behaviour according to film type and gas composition of the modified atmosphere.This project is expected to lead to a quantitative approach for optimising barriers properties of packaging films and modified atmospheres composition to ensure better food quality. According to the type of food product and knowledge of the microflora that limits its shelf life, this project aims to determine the parameters to be estimated to optimise the gas mixture and the choice of film. Based on the developed models, the volume of the food package can also be optimized. The Sym'Previus data intergration system will be completed in order to capitalize the new data which will be input in this project. A new database will be designed to modelise the knowledge on the gas diffusion through the film or between the headspace and the food product, and on the impact of gas on bacterial behaviour. Consequently, the Sym'Pevius domain onthology will be complemented to take into account the new knowledge. This project gathers expertises in mass transfer, physical characteristics of food, in packaging, microbiology, biostatistics, quantitative modelling and Bayesian statistitcs and Bayesian networks. The projet has to supply to the scientific community with criteria for the development of new packaging contributing to the safety of food and to the sustainable development.

The modern definition of Ohm, the S.I. unit of electrical resistance, is based on the Quantum Hall Effect discovered by von Klitzing in 1981. Basically, a two-dimensional conductor shows a quantized transverse resistance when subjected to a large magnetic field perpendicular to the conducting plane,. The value of this transverse magneto-resistance (also called Hall resistance) is given by RK/N where N is an integer, RK= h/e2 is the von Klitzing’s constant, h is the Planck’s constant and e the electron charge. Today all practical resistance standards based on the quantum Hall effect (QHE) are made from semiconductor hetero-junctions in which a high purity layer of GaAs is limited by an AlGaAs barrier. When operated at low temperature (=1.5 K) in a high magnetic induction (˜10 T) they can achieve a relative uncertainty of 1 ppb in resistance calibration with: RK = 25,812 807 449 (86) O. Recently, writing in Nature Nanotechnology, Alexander Tzalenchuk et al. [1] reported that they had approached this level of accuracy in measurements of the QHE in epitaxial graphene : “the quantization accuracy […]: +/-3 parts in 109 inferred from our measurements is a 4 order of magnitude improvement on the previous best estimate achieved in an exfoliated graphene sample. The reported results readily put epitaxial graphene […] in the same league as their semiconductor counterparts.” This success is based on two facts. First, graphene has larger spacing between Landau Levels than the usual GaAs semiconductor. Second, the silicon carbide under epitaxial graphene is a much better substrate than the Silicon dioxide traditionally used for exfoliated graphene. Resistance standard appears then as the first application in which graphene could supplement a more usual semiconductor like GaAs. Along this line, Wilfrid Poirier and Félicien Schöpfer from this Consortium reviewed in a recent paper[2] all experimental results obtained on graphene. They concluded that epitaxial graphene could achieve, in the very near future, new standards for metrology. In this work we plan to further develop these results and produce state of the art devices by improving the graphene homogeneity, the lithography processes and optimizing the device geometry. The graphene thickness and homogeneity will be optimized by exploring different growth techniques. First, on the C-face of semi-insulating (S.I.) 4H-SiC samples, two subcontractors will deliver few layer graphene (FLG) samples. One subcontractor will be Linköping University (LiU) from Sweden, the second one will be the Centro Nacional de Microélectronica (CNM) in Barcelone, Spain. Both will use sublimation techniques, specifically optimized for this work. More advanced fabrication processes will be also investigated. Partners CEA-Saclay and Annealsys(AS), which is a small SME based in Montpellier, will deliver CVD samples on conducting substrates while, in the second part of project, L2C should have its own graphene sublimation set-up available. Before processing, all graphene samples will be comparatively analyzed using state of the art characterization tools like Raman, AFM, ARPES and STM. Then, the best FLG samples will be processed by Partners LPN, CEA and L2C and, again, the electrical properties will be comparatively evaluated. Finally, the best QHE devices will be transferred to LNE. Final quantization tests will use a Wheatstone bridge to reach an extremely high accuracy and, ultimately, these enhanced QHE devices will lead to the development of quantum resistance standards. [1] A. Tzalenchuk, S. Lara-Avila, A. Kalaboukhov, S. Paolillo, M. Syvajarvi, R. Yakimova, O. Kazakova, T.J.B.M. Janssen, V. Fal'ko, S. Kubatkin, Towards a quantum resistance standard based on epitaxial graphene, Nat Nanotechnol, 5 (2010) 186-189. [2] W. Poirier, F. Schopfer, METROLOGY Can graphene set new standards?, Nat Nanotechnol, 5 (2010) 171-172.

The primary aim of the research program is to develop a general framework to tailor the design of barrier and safe food packaging systems. As the project will reuse a significant amount of data and methods from basic research and previous EU research programs, it is complementary of the EU effort more specifically directed upstream towards chemical companies and regulatory authorities. The paradigm is however changed: i) by integrating the safety of packaging materials as a component of food engineering (i.e. safe by design instead of controlled as safe) and ii) by making it possible to integrate efficiently the risk of the migration of packaging constituents into food within international food safety standards (e.g. recent ISO 22000-2200x standards). In particular, the project will seek methods and tools that facilitate the cooperation between stakeholders (downstream and upstream) and generate auditable requirements. Generated results and methods will be integrated into an open-source client-server platform, so-called SafeFoodPack Design, including: i) safe design methodologies (Failure Mode Effects and Critical Analysis), ii) simulations tools to optimize barrier properties and minimize the risk of migration of packaging constituent during specific conditions of use (product shelf-life, temperature of storage, hot filling, oven heating…), iii) databases (formulation rulebases, physico-chemical data) and iv) traceability management tools. As the platform will rely exclusively on open standards, it will make it possible to integrate it seamlessly within existing tools used in industries and laboratories, and to share common data formats between stakeholders. In particular, the whole approach will contribute to integrate more efficiently cost (mass reduction), environmental constraints (e.g. use of recycled materials, bio-sourced or biodegradable alternative materials), process constraints (hot filling, aseptic treatments...). By its construction, the project, supported by the National thematic network PROPACKFOOD, is representative of the whole French food packaging sector including the leading professional associations of both Food and Packaging Industries, the national reference laboratories supporting the industry or acting as enforcement laboratory and the leading research laboratories in France on the topic. Rapid and efficient dissemination will be managed by creating a pool of companies (external to the project) that will profit along the project of the proposed framework and training sessions. In return, an efficient feedback from end-users is expected as well a significant impact on upstream stakeholders (Chemical Industry, EU regulatory and surveillance authorities). Customer associations will be invited to participate to our debates.