Almost all active caldera volcanoes host hydrothermal systems that circulate a mixture of seawater, meteoric water and magmatic fluids through the subsurface geology to seeps or vents on the seafloor. These fluids can explosively interact with magma in volcanic eruptions and can change the physical properties of their host rocks, influencing both the likelihood of eruptions occurring and their explosivity. The nature of these interactions is poorly understood, including how fluid flow changes during periods of magmatic intrusion, how the hydrothermal system connects magmatic fluids to the surface and the spatial distribution and extent of alteration/mineralisation. While we know hydrothermal fluid flow plays an important role in modulating eruption dynamics, as long as these fundamental knowledge gaps exist it is impossible to forecast, with any degree of accuracy, what this effect will be which makes understanding hazards and impacts in eruption scenarios difficult. In this proposal we will combine novel controlled source electromagnetic mapping of porosity and permeability, with passive seismic mapping of hydrothermal fluid flow in the shallow subsurface, constrained by heat flow measurements and surface and subsurface sampling to characterise the porosity and permeability of the Santorini hydrothermal system. Santorini has been selected as the ideal natural laboratory to test these relationships because it is exceptionally well characterised geophysically and geologically, has a diversity of hydrothermal vents and has experienced recent activity which can be used to test modelling. We will quantify how magmatic fluids are partitioned between vents to identify the primary pathways for magmatic volatile escape, and quantify the impact hydrothermal mineralisation has had on the physical strength of the seafloor. Once we have a full picture of the system in its current state we will use mapping, fluid inclusions, mineralogy and the sedimentary record to establish how vent locations, subsurface fluid pathways, and fluid fluxes, temperatures and chemistries responded to the 2011/12 period of unrest. These data will be used to constrain the boundary conditions for a hydrothermal system model, which can be used to predict how the system will respond to future periods of intrusion both at Santorini and at other caldera systems around the world. This project will provide a step change in our understanding of hydrothermal interactions with volcanoes and our ability to predict their response to changes in the magmatic system. This has implications not just for understanding volcanic eruptions, but also for understanding metal and volatile fluxes from the mantle to the ocean and atmosphere, the development of economic metal deposits in these systems, the impact on ecological communities of intrusive and extrusive volcanic events, geothermal energy production, and for hazard forecasting and mitigation. The project will push the frontiers of knowledge by combining cutting edge geophysical and geochemical techniques to produce a model of a caldera hydrothermal system at a resolution previously not possible, and by developing modelling tools that would allow the application of these findings to other systems. The project is ambitious but achievable and benefits from a large team of international expert proponents, partnerships with other large international projects and high-quality pre-existing data upon which to build.

Seismic hazard assessment and understanding of continental deformation are hindered by unexplained slip-rate fluctuations on faults, associated with (a) temporal clusters of damaging earthquakes lasting 100s to 1000s of years, and (b) longer-term fault quiescence lasting tens to hundreds of millennia. We propose a new unified hypothesis explaining both (a) and (b), involving stress interactions between fault/shear-zones and neighbouring fault/shear-zones; however key data to test this are lacking. We propose measurements and modelling to test our hypothesis, which have the potential to quantify the processes that control continental faulting and fluctuations in the rates of expected earthquake occurrence, with high societal impact. Our aspiration is that cities and critical facilities worldwide will gain additional protection from seismic hazard through use of the calculations we pioneer herein. The background is that slip-rate fluctuations hinder understanding because they introduce uncertainty about whether specific faults are active or not. For example, a review in Japan of earthquake risk to critical facilities, such as the Tsuruga nuclear power plant (NPP), revealed a geological fault under a nuclear reactor (Chapman et al. 2014). The question that arose was whether the fault was active or not. Japan's Nuclear Regulatory Authority (NRA) has guidelines defining fault activity, and considered the fault under the reactor to be active, evidenced by faulting in sediments <~125,000 years in age. The Japan Atomic Energy Power Company (JPAC) disagreed, following study by an independent team of geoscientists. In 2014, the Tsuruga NPP remained closed due to ongoing debate between the NRA and JPAC, with similar debates ongoing for other NPPs. We suggest that defining fault activity as simply "active" or "inactive" is unsatisfactory because it is debatable even amongst experts. In fact a fault that has not slipped in many millennia may, in reality, not be inactive, but instead may simply have a low slip-rate, with the capability to host a damaging earthquake after a long recurrence interval. Our breakthrough is we think slip-rate fluctuations over both timescales (a and b) are a continuum, sharing a common cause involving interaction between fault/shear-zones. For the first time, we provide calculations that describe this interaction, quantifying slip-rate fluctuations and seismic hazard in terms of probabilities. We show that slip during an earthquake cluster on a brittle fault in the upper crust occurs in tandem with high strain-rate on the viscous shear-zone underlying the fault. This deformation of the crust produces changes in differential stress on neighbouring fault/shear-zones. Viscous strain-rate is known to be proportional to differential stress, so, given data on slip-rate fluctuations one can calculate changes in differential stress, and then calculate implied changes to viscous strain-rates on receiver shear zones and slip-rates on their overlying brittle faults. We provide a quantified example covering several millennia, but lack data allowing a test over tens to hundreds of millennia. If we can verify our hypothesis over both timescales, through successful replication of measurements via modelling, we will have identified and quantified a hitherto unknown fundamental geological process. We will study the Athens region, Greece, where a special set of geological attributes allows us to measure and model slip-rate fluctuation over both time scales (a and b), the key data combination never achieved to date. We know of no other quantified explanation that links slip-rate fluctuations over the two timescales; the significance and impact of accomplishing this is that it has the potential to change the way we mitigate hazard for cities and critical facilities. Chapman et al. 2014, Active faults and nuclear power plants, EOS, 95, 4

We typically spend over 80% of the day inside, yet our indoor environments are still poorly understood. Household air pollution results in an estimated 4.25 million premature deaths globally each year (World Health Organisation, 2014), representing a significant public health challenge. Indoor dust sources include outdoor particles brought inside on clothes, footwear, pets or by the wind, and from cooking, smoking, and wear and tear of soft furnishings. Chemicals from home sources such as cleaning products, pesticides and flame retardants can attach to house dust. There is evidence of interaction between the chemical components of our house dust and the biological components, and we want to explore these relationships further. When we breathe in, dusts can penetrate deep into our lungs, and potentially harmful components (metals, organic substances, microbes and other allergens) can transfer into our blood and to other parts of the body. The resulting health effects include increased incidences of strokes, Alzheimer's, lung disease, heart disease and cancer. A 'biome' is a community of organisms in a specific environment. This project will shine a spotlight on our home biome, investigating chemicals in house dust and home air quality, revealing similarities and differences between different regions and households around the world. We will also explore the interaction of our house dust with our indoor microbiome and the occurrence of antimicrobial resistant genes. The Home Biome project 'DUST' will be a collaboration between households and scientists from across the world. The project will establish an online Dust Atlas to present our anonymised findings and increase awareness of our indoor environments. Participants will be able to submit samples of their own house vacuum dust for analysis and receive individual household reports to compare with data in the on-line Dust Atlas. Participants currently involved in long-term studies of their health will also be invited to participate. Here the dust data may progress understanding of relationships between indoor environments and health. The DUST project has four main aims: (1) to establish on online Dust Atlas of components in our indoor dusts, and in doing so develop a resource that allows citizens and other project participants to understand their household dust data at local, regional, national and even global scales, (2) to investigate the relationship between antimicrobial resistance and the metal concentrations in our house dusts to see if common pollutants in our homes may be supporting/mediating increased microbial resistance, (3) to carry out indoor air quality monitoring of selected homes to look at how various indicators of air quality vary over timescales of days to weeks, and differences resulting from house design, cooking and heating fuel type and use frequency, ventilation methods and locations, and (4) given recent studies highlighting links between environmental pollutants in our house dusts and conditions such as obesity and asthma, to explore the potential of using citizen-collected household vacuum dusts to provide useful supplementary data as part of existing long-term health-focused family studies. The DUST website will communicate to public audiences, as well as scientists and policy-makers, through interactive web-based maps, charts, discussions and other links. As well as providing evidence for national and international regulatory agencies to inform risk management decisions, the Home Biome project (DUST) will enable citizens to change behaviours and reduce health risks by suggesting practical actions to improve household and community indoor environmental quality.

Located at the Eastern edge of the Venetian Empire and the Western edge of the Ottoman Empire, early modern Crete and Cyprus have been at the periphery of musicology. As spaces of coloniality and shifting hegemonies, shared by acoustic communities with very different histories, this area has been ill-served by traditional methods. Sources amenable to philological and archival research are scarce, and a paradigm built around composers and institutions has so far failed to capture the lived historical realities of a complex intercultural situation. SONICC investigates long-standing processes of friction and hybridisation based on different sounds, noises, musical practices and languages, that affected local Greek, Ottoman, Jewish, Armenian, Arab and Italian populations. The project will approach this complex topic via two strands of methodological innovation. First, drawing on the emerging fields of Sound Studies and Auditory History to address sound as a distinct historical category with a key role in identity formation, using state-of-the art critical approaches to investigate Mediterranean sonic identities through decolonial and global history perspectives. Second, an intermedial approach investigating literary, visual, material and architectural materials as sources for the history of sounds and musics, as well as archival and notated music sources. Dr Hatzikiriakos has a strong track record in the study of musical identities, and is skilled with primary sources in Italian, Greek and Latin. At Sheffield, he will work with Prof Tim Shephard, a prominent authority on early modern musical identities and visual and material sources in musicology; and Dr Erin Maglaque, a leading expert on Venetian colonies. Secondments at the Orient-Institut Istanbul and the University of Athens will meet training and research needs. The MSCA will establish Dr Hatzikiriakos as an independent voice advancing global and decolonial approaches to early modern musical identities.

To understand biological processes at a molecular detail one needs to capture and visualize proteins in action. Modern structural biology methods such as X-ray crystallography and cryo-electron microscopy (CryoEM) could provide static high-resolution snapshots of protein structures, but they are unable to capture proteins in motion to reveal dynamic function. The new state-of-the-art electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectrometer in Leeds will be capable of extracting accurate distances between pairs of unpaired electrons engineered on protein sites and thus acting as a molecular nanoscale-ruler. The accurate measurement of such distances over a protein's functional cycle will thereby enable the elucidation of fundamental biological processes. Pulsed EPR is a powerful method in modern biomolecular research and has seen tremendous technical advances over the last 10 years with sensitivity increasing by more than an order of magnitude. As a network of protein structural molecular biologists in Leeds (including several leading EPR specialists), consider PELDOR as a key approach in the future of biosciences. We have a very large base of users in Leeds, nationally (Imperial, King's, Glasgow, St Andrews) and abroad (EU, Australia and India) and an unmatched variety of fundamental biological systems with representative proteins across all kingdoms of life. These proteins are involved in a wide range of disease-related biological mechanisms from cancer and neurodegeneration to antimicrobial resistance and metabolism. Novel information for fundamental biological machineries in molecular detail and currently inaccessible by other methods, would be first revealed by the new EPR spectrometer. Our investigators, collaborators and industrial partners come from a wide range of national and international institutions. We have an extensive track record in the field of EPR and biological and medical sciences and anticipate this installation will substantially increase the UK's capability and reputation in biological EPR worldwide. Our business case will ensure sustainability for the Leeds-based centre and will serve the North East and other Universities as demonstrated by our list of groups and investigators actively supporting BioEmPiRe. The position of an EPR staff scientist will be secured for an initial period of two years through a contribution by the University of Leeds. In addition, intended location will be fully refurbished and a chiller will be purchased to enable the optimal installation and operation of the spectrometer. The instrument will be part of the UK academic and industrial networks further ensuring sustainability. These upgrades will allow the UK to remain internationally competitive and to continue developing and applying the EPR methodology to important problems across the biosciences.