POMP will advance the scientific understanding of how climate change impacts biodiversity and carbon sequestration potential in emerging and rapidly changing polar marine ecosystems, and, through these impacts, the project will evaluate how resilience and adaptation potential in the polar regions are being altered. The aim is to provide new quantitative knowledge of the mitigation potential of blue carbon in emerging coastal and oceanic habitats and to assess the scope for their inclusion in carbon accounting at national and international levels. Our approach is to study each step in the biological carbon flow from CO2-capture by primary producers, through transformations and intermediate storage, to long-term sequestration. We will do this by combining analyses of new and existing data at several Arctic and Antarctic Learning Sites and use this to develop and validate new ecosystem models and remote sensing algorithms. These will then be used to provide large-scale assessments of changes in blue carbon habitat distributions and their CO2 capture and sequestration potential, both now and in the future. The new knowledge generated will be presented to the scientific community and to decision makers and managers as policy briefs to guide the designation of marine protected areas that recognize both diversity and blue carbon potential. The POMP consortium is highly qualified to meet this task with world-leading experts on blue carbon and climate change impacts in the polar regions, and partners that bring together scientific expertise, extensive unpublished data, polar infrastructure, and unique sampling opportunities as well as experience and resources from several national and EU projects directly related to this call. Participation of three Canadian partners eligible for national funding assures excellent opportunities for cross Atlantic collaboration with a pan-Arctic focus.

Our society is increasingly reliant upon technological infrastructure that orbits in the harsh and highly dynamic radiation environment of near-Earth space. Low-cost access to space is driving a rapid increase in the number of satellites on orbit (e.g., Starlink, Oneweb), many of which use electronics that are untested during active solar conditions, such as the upcoming solar maximum in 2024-2025. This proposal will make a significant advance in the understanding of the radiation environment in which these satellites operate. Space was a £16.5 Bn UK industry in 2019/2020 and severe space weather was added to the National Risk Register in 2011, owned by the Met Office who provide space weather services to the satellite industry. However, current forecasting models, including the BAS Radiation Belt Model (BAS-RBM) that provides forecasts to the Met Office and European Space Agency, only forecast the highest energy electrons and the associated risk of damage from internal charging. The Met Office currently has no capability to forecast the lower energy electrons that can cause surface charging damage and be energised to become so-called 'killer' electrons. The radiation environment is highly dynamic and includes several different populations of electrons, identified by their energy ranges. The lowest energy electrons form the background plasma, medium energy electrons are found in the ring current, and the highest energy electrons form the radiation belts. These have historically been studied independently but the populations are interdependent, and recent research has highlighted that they need to be studied as a single system. For example, the highest energy killer electrons are produced when lower energy electrons are energised by electromagnetic waves. These waves are generated by the medium energy electrons and the acceleration is most effective in regions with a depleted background plasma. This proposal aims to establish how the populations and their interactions contribute to the variability of the radiation environment. We will determine which solar wind conditions produce the most effective wave-electron interactions, quantify the role of realistic magnetic fields on the loss and energisation of electrons, and determine how the interactions of the different populations affect the radiation environment in key types of space weather events. This will significantly increase our understanding of the conditions that lead to radiation environments that may damage satellites. These studies require a combination of data analysis and modelling. A few models can study multiple populations, but they all initially addressed a single population using an appropriate framework for that population. Extending to include another population meant incorporating an additional framework, introducing interpolation errors and inconsistencies. For example, although these models use realistic magnetic field models for part of the calculation, they assume a dipole magnetic field to model the wave-electron interactions. Building on our BAS-RBM experience, we will adopt a novel approach using a unifying framework for all three populations that can also include realistic magnetic and electric fields. To be consistent we will also develop the first comprehensive characterisations of wave-electron interactions in realistic magnetic fields. Using observations from spacecraft such as the Van Allen Probes, together with this new modelling framework, we will address the causes of variability in the radiation environment. The model created for these studies will also be able to provide improved predictions of the conditions leading to internal charging on satellites and a new ability to address surface charging.

Abstracts are not currently available in GtR for all funded research. This is normally because the abstract was not required at the time of proposal submission, but may be because it included sensitive information such as personal details.

The challenge: The study of life's adaptation to extreme environments challenges our fundamental understanding of biological systems from molecular to whole organism levels. Proteins are key building blocks for all life on Earth with functions that are uniquely dependent on their 3-D folded state. Whilst much is known about constraints on how proteins operate at high temperatures, little knowledge exists about how biology operates at all scales of life in sub-zero conditions where proteins are less stable and oxidative damage is high. Almost 90% of the habitable biosphere is permanently below 5°C (i.e. deep sea and polar regions). Hence, we do not understand how a large proportion of global biodiversity functions at such low temperatures: A critical knowledge gap given the current climate crisis and impeding large-scale loss of the planet's colder regions and their endemic biodiversity. Aims and interdisciplinarity: Cellular proteins are adapted to function in highly crowded solutions of macromolecules, which affect protein folding, diffusion, and interactions. Temperature plays a critical role in these processes. However, there are currently no tools available that image live cells at very low temperatures. We will use the most advanced methods to adapt current state-of-the-art microscopy, and for the first time, develop fully automated microscope technology optimised for the high-resolution optical imaging of live animal cells near 0°C. This will enable us to observe the behaviour of proteins in situ and gain a deeper understanding of the behaviour of proteins near 0°C within the complex environment of the living cell. The system will be used for studies of Antarctic fish cell cultures at 0°C, our cold-adapted model organism. In particular, we will study temperature effects and cell viscosity in the context of protein folding within the cell, using a fast-folding protein, Venus, introduced into the Antarctic fish cells at 0°C and use single molecule translation imaging, developed by us, to compare the time for protein folding with temperate systems. This highly interdisciplinary project is at the very intersection of biology, physics and chemistry and involves collaboration between world-leading researchers in cutting-edge microscopy, molecular cell biology, and polar marine biology.

Mixing of the ocean around Antarctica is a key process that exerts influences over large scales and in multiple ways. By redistributing heat in the ocean, it exerts strong influences on the Antarctic Ice Sheet, with implications for sea level rise globally. Similarly, the redistribution of ocean heat affects the production of sea ice in winter and its melt in summer, with consequences for climate. Mixing also affects the distribution of nutrients in the ocean, with direct impacts on the marine ecosystem and biodiversity, and with impacts on fisheries. It was long thought that mixing of the seas close to Antarctica was predominantly caused by winds, tides, and the loss of heat from the ocean especially in winter. However, we recently discovered that when glaciers calve in Antarctica, they can trigger underwater tsunamis. These are large (multi-meter) waves that move rapidly away from the coastline, and when they break they cause sudden bursts of very intense mixing. Simple calculations indicated that the net impact of these underwater tsunamis could be as strong as winds, and much more important than tides, in driving mixing. It was also argued that they are likely to be relevant everywhere that glaciers calve into the sea, including Greenland and across the Arctic. As our ocean and atmosphere continue to heat up, it is very possible that glacier calving will become more frequent and intensify, increasing further the impact of underwater tsunamis on large-scale climate, the cryosphere, and ecosystems. This is an exciting new avenue of scientific investigation, and many key questions remain unanswered. We need to know how widespread and frequent the generation of underwater tsunamis is, how far they travel from the coastline before breaking, and how variable this is. We need to measure what impacts the extra mixing has on ocean temperature and nutrient concentrations, and to determine what this means for the cryosphere and ocean productivity. There is a pressing need to include the effects of underwater tsunamis in the computer models that are used for projecting future ocean climate and ecosystem conditions, and to determine the feedbacks between climate change and the generation of more underwater tsunamis. To answer these questions, our project will deploy innovative techniques for measuring the ocean and ice in close proximity to a calving glacier, including robotic underwater vehicles and remotely-piloted aircraft, and cutting-edge deep-learning techniques applied to satellite data. We will use advanced computer simulations to fully understand the causal mechanisms responsible for the creation and spread of the underwater tsunamis, and their impacts on ocean climate and marine productivity. We will make our developments in computer simulation available to the whole community of users, for widespread uptake and future use. This project will have significant benefits for academics seeking to predict the future of Antarctica and its impacts on the rest of the world, for Governments and intergovernmental agencies seeking to understand how best to respond to climate change, and for the curious general public wanting to learn more about the extremes of the planet and why they matter. The fieldwork will be especially photo- and video-genic, and will lead to outstanding outreach and impact opportunities, and we will work with media agencies seeking to tell compelling stories about the extremes of the Earth.