"Semiconductors" are synonymous with "Silicon Chips". After all Silicon supported computing technologies in the 20th century. But Silicon is reaching fundamental limits and already many of the technologies we now take for granted are only possible because of Compound Semiconductors (CS). These include The Internet, Smart Phones, GPS and Energy efficient LED lighting! CSs are also at the heart of most of the new technologies expected in the next few years including 6G wireless, ultra-high speed optical fibre connectivity, LIDAR for autonomous vehicles, high voltage switching for electric vehicles, the IoT and high capacity data storage. CSs also offer huge opportunities for energy efficiency and net zero. CSs are often made in small quantities and using bespoke techniques and manufacturers have had to put together functions by assembling discrete devices. But this is expensive and for many of the new applications scale-up and integration, along the lines of the Silicon Chip, are needed CDT research will involve the science of large scale CS manufacturing, manufacturing integrated CS on Silicon and applying the manufacturing approaches of Silicon to CS; it will generate novel integrated functionality and all with an emphasis on finding environmentally sustainable manufacturing methods. CIVIC PRIORITY: This CDT is a fundamental part of the strategic development of the CS Cluster centred in South Wales, and in linking it to activity across the UK. It is part of a wider training strategy including apprenticeships, MScs and CPD, to train and upskill the entire workforce. The latest skills requirements have been identified by partner companies and through working with Welsh Government, CSconnected and the CS Applications Catapult The partners support the CDT financially and with their time. This is because the limiting factor to rapid cluster growth is skilled people. The expected PhD level jobs increase for the existing cluster companies alone would mop up all the students trained by this CDT. We provide a £2k stipend top-up to maximise recruitment from all backgrounds. However, the CDT does more - clusters are about cross-fertilisation of people and ideas and the CDT combines academics from 4 universities with leading and complementary expertise in CS. We form teams of two academics from different universities, one industry supervisor and the PhD student to create and carry out each PhD. The CDT also ensures the whole cohort regularly works together to exchange new knowledge and ideas and maintain breadth for each student. The UK and Welsh administrations see CS as an opportunity to boost the economy with high technology jobs and the UK government uses the CDT as part of its pitch to overseas companies to locate here. APPROACH and OUTCOMES: a 1+3 program where Year 1 (Y1) is based in Cardiff, with provision via taught lectures and transferable skills training, hands on and in-depth practical training and workshops led by University and Industry Partner staff. Following requests from Y2-4 students the industry workshops are presented in hybrid format so all Y2-4 students can further benefit from this program and where we now cycle presenters, companies and specific topics over 3 years. A dedicated training clean room allows rapid practical progress in a supportive environment, learning from doing, experts and the rest of the cohort and then an industry facing cleanroom, co-located with industry staff and manufacturing scale equipment, where students learn the future CS manufacturing skills. This maximises exchange of ideas, techniques and approach and the potential for exploitation. Both students and industry partners have praised the practical skills this produces. Y2-Y4 consist of an in depth PhD project, co-created with industry and hosted at one of the 4 universities, and specialised whole cohort training and events, including energy audit, research ethics and innovative outreach

"Semiconductors" are synonymous with "Silicon chips". After all Silicon supported computing technologies in the 20th century. But Silicon is reaching fundamental limits and already many of the technologies we take for granted are only possible because of Compound Semiconductors (CS). These include: the internet, smart phones and energy-efficient LED lighting! CSs are also at the heart of most of the new technologies envisaged, including 6G wireless, ultra-high speed optical fibre connectivity, LIDAR for autonomous vehicles, high voltage switching for electric vehicles, the IoT and high-capacity data storage. CSs also offer huge opportunities for energy efficiency and net zero. The CS Hub will contribute to "Engineering Net Zero", through products, such as energy-efficient electronics, and by introducing new environmentally-friendly manufacturing processes; to "Quantum Technologies", by creating practical implementations that can be manufactured at scale; to the "Physical and Mathematical Sciences Powerhouse" and "Frontiers in Engineering and Technology", through e.g. cutting-edge materials science and manufacturing-process innovation. CS materials are grown atom-by-atom on slices of crystalline material, known as substrates, which provide mechanical support for the resulting "wafer" during the next stage of fabrication. CSs are often made on relatively small substrates. Manufacturers have had to combine functions by assembling discrete devices but this is expensive. New approaches to integration in epitaxy and fabrication are required along with wafer-size scale-up for the new applications. Applications such as in quantum technology (QT) are pushing requirements for more accurate and highly reproducible manufacturing-processes. With such improvements CS will underpin the UK quantum industry and enable impact for the existing QT investments. We will create designs that are more tolerant to typical variations that occur during manufacturing; develop manufacturing processes that are more uniform and repeatable; create techniques to characterise performance part-way through manufacturing, create techniques to combine materials (e.g. CS grown atom-by-atom on Silicon) and combine functions on chip. We will study and implement ways to make CS manufacturing more environmentally friendly. We will make it easier to compare the environmental foot-print of different CS research and manufacturing-processes by making available relevant, high quality data in the form of accessible libraries of the resource and energy usage of the feedstocks and processes used in CS manufacturing. We aim to change the mind-set of UK academics. Our vision is that researchers think about the translation of their research from the beginning of the innovation process and about the requirements that next generation product manufacturers will face. As a critical factor in all future manufacturing, we aim to embed the philosophy of resource efficiency of the research itself, resource efficiency of the manufacturing process, as well as of the application it supports. We aim to repatriate and connect CS manufacturing supply chains to re-shore production and facilitate innovation, enabling development of holistic solutions. We will address the current staffing shortages of the CS industry by: providing leadership in improving career structure and enhancing training for Hub research and technical staff; putting in place the very best ED&I practice to create the most positive and inclusive working environment and promulgating this across the industry; inspiring the next generation of the CS workforce as well as spreading the news about the fantastic career opportunities currently available. By working closely with industry partners on all these aspects we will attract and retain staff in this critical UK manufacturing industry.

Quantum information science and technologies (QIST) are uniquely placed to disrupt and transform sectors across the board. Quantum technologies, by exploiting the distinctive phenomena of quantum physics, can perform functions fundamentally unachievable by technologies based solely upon classical physics. For example, when applied to computing, calculations and operations that would take the best supercomputers hundreds of years to complete could be resolved within seconds using quantum computers; as another example, QIST can also be used in sensing and imaging to obtain enhanced precision in a variety of measurements ranging from gas concentrations to gravitational waves, supporting established industries in sectors like manufacturing, energy and healthcare. Furthermore, the application of quantum technologies will have significant implications within communications and security given their ability to break traditional encryption methods used to protect data within financial transactions or military communications while at the same time offering a range of novel, secure solutions largely compatible with the existing infrastructures. The potential of quantum technologies is well demonstrated through its significant financial and strategic backing globally. Restricted to academic environments up until the start of the last decade, the worldwide investment into quantum initiatives has now reached $33 billion, with significant contributions made across China, the US, and Europe. In the UK, the strategic importance of quantum technologies is clear: with a strategic commitment of £2.5 billion over the next decade, EPSRC has listed Quantum Technologies a mission-inspired research priority and the Department for Science Innovation and Technology have named quantum technologies as one of their seven technology families within the UK's Innovation Strategy. It is clear that, around the world, quantum technologies are flourishing. While the technological potential and national importance of QIST to the UK is undeniable, a key challenge to realising our ambitions in this area is the ability to develop a quantum workforce of capable physicists, engineers, computer scientists, and mathematicians with both the requisite expertise in quantum information science and expertise in the technologies that will realise it. In addition, the leaders of the UK's quantum future must possess critical professional skills: they must be excellent communicators, leaders, entrepreneurs, and project managers. To meet this key ambition and its resultant needs, the programme offered by the Quantum Information Science and Technologies Centre for Doctoral Training (QIST CDT) is uniquely positioned to deliver the diversity of skills and experience needed to supply the UK with internationally renowned QIST leaders across policy, innovation, research, entrepreneurship, and science communication. QIST CDT students will receive academic training delivered by world-recognised top educators and researchers; undertake industrially-relevant training modules co-delivered with industry partners; gain hands-on experience within world-leading quantum research laboratories; receive one-to-one entrepreneurial mentorship; undergo intellectual property and science policy training; undertake on-site industry placements; and complete multi-faceted cohort projects designed to develop multidisciplinary teamwork. This combination of world-class academic research training, which can be undertaken in a vast array of quantum-technology-relevant sectors, with bespoke instruction in professional skills driven by the needs of current and future quantum industry, will produce graduates with a drive to make a difference in Quantum Technologies and the skills to make that happen.

Quantum physics describes how nature links the properties of isolated microscopic objects through interactions mediated by so-called quantum entanglement and that apply not just to atoms but also to particles of light, "photons". These discoveries led to the first "quantum revolution", delivering a range of transformative technologies such as the transistor and the laser that we now take for granted. We are now on the cusp of a second "quantum revolution", which will, over the next 5-10 years, yield a new generation of electronic and photonic devices that exploit quantum science. The challenge is to secure a leadership position in the race to the industrialisation of quantum physics to claim a large share of this emerging global market, which is expected to be worth £1 billion to the UK economy. QuantIC, the UK's centre for quantum imaging, was formed over four years ago to apply quantum technologies to the development of new cameras with unique imaging capabilities. Tangible impacts are the creation of 3 new companies (Sequestim, QLM and Raycal), technology translation into products through licencing (Timepix chip - Kromek) and the ongoing development with industry of a further 12 product prototypes. Moving forward, QuantIC will continue to drive paradigm-changing imaging systems such as the ability to see directly inside the human body, the ability to see through fog and smoke, to make microscopes with higher resolution and lower noise than classical physics allows and quantum radars that cannot be jammed or confused by other radars around them. These developments will be enabled by new technologies, such as single-photon cameras, detectors based on new materials and single-photon sensitivity in the mid-infrared spectral regions. Combined with our new computational methods, QuantIC will enable UK industry to lead the global imaging revolution. QuantIC will dovetail into other significant investments in the Quantum technology transfer ecosystem which is emerging in the UK. The University of Glasgow has allocated one floor of the £118M research hub to supporting fundamental research in quantum science and £28M towards the creation of the Clyde Waterfront Innovation Campus, a new £80M development in collaboration with Glasgow City Council and Scottish Enterprise focussing on the translation of nano and quantum science for enabling technologies such as photonics, optoelectronics and quantum. Heriot-Watt has invested over £2M in new quantum optics laboratories and is currently building a £20M Global Research Innovation and Discovery Centre opening in 2019 to drive the translation of emerging technologies. Bristol is creating a £43M Quantum Innovation centre which already has £21M of industrial investment. Strathclyde University is creating a second £150M Technology Innovation Centre around 6 priority areas, one of which is Quantum Technology. All of these form part of the wider UK Quantum Technology Programme which is set to transform the UK's world leading science into commercial reality in line with the UK's drive towards a high productivity and high-skill economy. QuantIC will lead the quantum imaging research agenda and act as the bond between parallel activities and investments, thus ensuring paradigm-changing innovation that will transform tomorrow's society.

Quantum Technologies (QT) are at a pivotal moment with major global efforts underway to translate quantum information science into new products that promise disruptive impact across a wide variety of sectors from communications, imaging, sensing, metrology, simulation, to computation and security. Our world-leading Centre for Doctoral Training in Quantum Engineering will evolve to be a vital component of a thriving quantum UK ecosystem, training not just highly-skilled employees, but the CEOs and CTOs of the future QT companies that will define the field. Due to the excellence of its basic science, and through investment by the national QT programme, the UK has positioned itself at the forefront of global developments. There have been very recent major [billion-dollar] investments world-wide, notably in the US, China and Europe, both from government and leading technology companies. There has also been an explosion in the number of start-up companies in the area, both in the UK and internationally. Thus, competition in this field has increased dramatically. PhD trained experts are being recruited aggressively, by both large and small firms, signalling a rapidly growing need. The supply of globally competitive talent is perhaps the biggest challenge for the UK in maintaining its leading position in QT. The new CDT will address this challenge by providing a vital source of highly-trained scientists, engineers and innovators, thus making it possible to anchor an outstanding QT sector here, and therefore ensure that UK QT delivers long-term economic and societal benefits. Recognizing the nature of the skills need is vital: QT opportunities will be at the doctoral or postdoctoral level, largely in start-ups or small interdisciplinary teams in larger organizations. With our partners we have identified the key skills our graduates need, in addition to core technical skills: interdisciplinary teamwork, leadership in large and small groups, collaborative research, an entrepreneurial mind-set, agility of thought across diverse disciplines, and management of complex projects, including systems engineering. These factors show that a new type of graduate training is needed, far from the standard PhD model. A cohort-based approach is essential. In addition to lectures, there will be seminars, labs, research and peer-to-peer learning. There will be interdisciplinary and grand challenge team projects, co-created and co-delivered with industry partners, developing a variety of important team skills. Innovation, leadership and entrepreneurship activities will be embedded from day one. At all times, our programme will maximize the benefits of a cohort-based approach. In the past two years particularly, the QT landscape has transformed, and our proposed programme, with inputs from our partners, has been designed to reflect this. Our training and research programme has evolved and broadened from our highly successful current CDT to include the challenging interplay of noisy quantum hardware and new quantum software, applied to all three QT priorities: communications; computing & simulation; and sensing, imaging & metrology. Our programme will be founded on Bristol's outstanding activity in quantum information, computation and photonics, together with world-class expertise in science and engineering in areas surrounding this core. In addition, our programme will benefit from close links to Bristol's unique local innovation environment including the visionary Quantum Technology Enterprise Centre, a fellowship programme and Skills Hub run in partnership with Cranfield University's Bettany Centre in the School of Management, as well as internationally recognised incubators/accelerators SetSquared, EngineShed, UnitDX and the recently announced £43m Quantum Technology Innovation Centre. This will all be linked within Bristol's planned £300m Temple Quarter Enterprise Campus, placing the CDT at the centre of a thriving quantum ecosystem.