Decarbonising & reducing aviation dependence on fossil fuel requires biofuels. BIO4A will produce at least kt of sustainable biojet for its use in aviation at commercial scale for accelerating its deployment within the aviation sector, increasing their attractiveness and contributing to the achievement of the EU targets. BIO4A targets HEFA pathway from wastes, aiming to move the full value chain from TLR 6 to 7. BIO4A will demonstrate the full value chain, enabling a production capacity of 2-300 kt/y of biojet in a First Of A Kind new biorefinery in France. The fuel will be distributed using the existing infrastructures and conventional aircraft fuelling systems for commercial flights. Special attention will be directed to the supply of sustainable feedstock, focusing on waste streams (UCO). In parallel, long-term R&D work will address marginal land in EU MED (low ILUC biofuels). Relevant environmental (inc. GHG and energy balance), economic and social data (inc. health and safety issues, impacts and benefits) will be assessed against targets. Since the current main barrier to the commercial production of biojet is the price gap, BIO4A will explicitly address performance and cost targets vs. relevant key performance indicators. The final goal is to prove the business case, identifying potential issues of public acceptance, market or regulatory risks and barriers (feedstock, technological, business, process) along the entire value chain, taking advantage of previous projects and proposing potential mitigation solutions. Offtake agreements have been signed with KLM and Airfrance. Additional off-take agreements could also be signed to open the participation to more airlines. Regulatory framework is also limiting today the development of the sector and an additional goal is recommendations to policies makers. The proposal will be defined at EU/National level, involving the major sector stakeholders and opening with a profitable dialogue with Member States and the EC.

OBJECTIVES: Within five years and with the available monetary resources: A) To demonstrate on system-prototype level a new innovative 2nd generation CCS technology, verified by testing at relevant size and in operational environment, aimed at an efficiency penalty and a capture cost that are significantly lower than alternative technologies. B) To advance the development of this technology, i.e. chemical-looping combustion with integrated CO2 capture (CLC-CCS), from TRL4 via TRL5 and 6 to TRL7 in joint collaboration with industrial end users. This involves a) realising the potentiality of the technology (present at TRL4), b) system prototype demonstration, modified from prior experience (TRL4), taken through all stages, from synthesising via systems integration to demonstration and testing in an operational environment typical of a modern petroleum refinery (TRL7), and c) integrated assessment, including a plausible model case extending the CO2 capture system to (shared) local/regional transport and storage needs. PURPOSE: To reveal emerging opportunities for the technology with the prospective avenues for its wider deployment in energy-intensive industry, initially via steam generation and auxiliary systems in petroleum refineries in Europe and China. In order to fulfil the stated objectives and the related scientific and technological goals, technological frontiers will be pushed through three stages of development with specific milestones (TRL5,6,7) . Pursuant to budgetary constraints and the prerequisites compatible with TRL7, the demonstration of the CLC-CCS system will be carried out in China. The CONSORTIUM forms a strong alliance of high-ranking industries, with the involvement of two major oil companies and a world-class boiler company specialised in fluidised bed technology, matching with the most reputable universities in China, and European research institutions exhibiting extensive track records pertaining to CCS.