Our communication is increasingly mediated through the creation and consumption of digital content such as videos, podcasts and myriad forms of social media. Access to digital content has become integral to our social and civic participation in society. Much of this creation and consumption, however, is not equally accessed by all. People with accessibility needs face several challenges in accessing digital content and are therefore at risk of isolation. Accessibility capabilities for digital content are typically viewed through the lens of standards such as subtitles and audio description. While these are helpful for some users, digital content still introduces challenges for many with a range of diverse needs. This proposal aims to explore the design of bespoke accessibility solutions, based on a given individual's exact needs, to support access to digital content. CA11y (Content Accessibility: Highly Individualised Digital Content for Supporting Diverse Needs) proposes a shift in how we consider the provision of accessible digital content. CA11y will envision and develop technologies that allow for highly-responsive content, unique to each individual's accessibility needs. Simultaneous, individual renderings of content will allow us to explore previously unconsidered accessibility solutions. For instance, for users who face challenges with speech, we might limit the background noise in a radio drama to make the actor's voice clearer. We might slow a news ticker to support easier comprehension. We might completely reconfigure content so that scenes with complex dialogue or textual descriptions are removed. Or, finally, we might change the visual contrast of individual onscreen elements (e.g. graphic overlays) to support ease of viewing. The distribution of digital content via the internet, with accompanying metadata, means that content can respond to the end-user's requirements. This may be rendered to an individual's devices or needs, based on some rule-set or ontology. This concept is broadly termed Object-Based Media (OBM). Crucially, OBM enables an entirely individual rending of digital content for each end-user. While the distribution of digital content in such a way has been shown to offer novel exciting, responsive digital content experiences, little work has explored what this can mean for accessibility. The highly individualised digital content afforded by concepts such as OBM provides transformative potential to support those with a range of diverse accessibility needs. CA11y will work with one such group - people with aphasia. Aphasia is a language impairment that affects one-third of stroke survivors. People with aphasia often have a range of complex accessibility needs due to specific challenges with language, notably listening, reading, speaking and writing. This means that they often can no longer engage with digital content, meaning they face a growing digital divide. The aforementioned accessibility standards such as subtitles and audio description do not cater to their needs. In CA11y, people with aphasia will support the co-design of an innovative range of technological prototypes to support their access needs through responsive, individualised digital content. CA11y will act as a radical first step in a new research field that seeks to support those with a range of access needs through highly individualised experiences, with users with aphasia acting as an exemplar for others with accessibility needs.

Digital content is transforming our cultural, social, academic and business lives. Yet not everyone can readily access digital content. The 2.2 million people in the UK who live with a communication impairment face specific challenges. This includes people with aphasia, a language disorder most commonly caused by a stroke. Aphasia can affect people's ability to speak, to understand speech, to read and to write. In severe cases, people may be able to speak only a few words or may have very limited ability to read and write. The Stroke Association estimates that 350,000 people in the UK are living with the devastating consequences of aphasia. However this community lacks visibility. A strong digital presence could enhance visibility, but people with aphasia do not have a strong digital presence. They are not evident as digital content creators and curators. They struggle with digital content, especially textual content, and with the accessibility of current tools for content creation and consumption. Engaging with digital content involves the creation, dissemination and refashioning of rich digital resources for consumption by others over extended periods of time. No previous work has investigated customised digital tools to enable people with aphasia to participate in content creation and curation in this sense of creating digital artefacts for consumption by others. This is the problem driver for the INCA project. The overall objective of INCA is to investigate, co-design and trial digital content tools for people with aphasia. The research will focus on two broad groups of users: people who have significant language impairments as a consequence of their aphasia and people who have milder aphasia and therefore less severe language deficits. The research will explore a blended approach to digital content, intertwining the digital and physical worlds. Project partners, the Stroke Association and Dyscover, will host community projects in which the prototype tools are used to create and curate digital content with support from a visual artist; this work will be showcased at the end of the project. The research approach will emphasise co-creation. Users will participate through co-design workshops. As many co-design techniques are themselves not accessible to people with language impairments, INCA will also deliver co-design techniques for this community. Finally, the research will provide interaction and content design guidelines for "language-light" digital experiences; these will address the specific challenges of content creation.