This proposal is devoted to experimental investigation and numerical modelling of time dependent behaviour of geomaterials, in particular anisotropic rocks materials. The initial anisotropy of such materials is generally related to the presence of initial defeats such as bedding planes, fractures and cracks. During ulterior loading, the initial defeats can evolve and new micro-cracks can develop and grow, leading to microstructure change of materials. These microstructure evolutions can modify the anisotropic nature and significantly affect macroscopic properties of materials. It is then necessary to develop suitable modelling in order to account for microstructure evolution and interaction between initial and induced anisotropies. Moreover, the microstructure evolution is also origin of time dependent behaviour of material. In classical investigations, the time dependent behaviour is generally described by viscoplasticity theory; this approach provides an efficient mathematical tool to deal with time dependent deformation, but can not properly take into account physical origins involved. Indeed, in a number of cases, the viscosity is not the unique origin of time dependent deformation; other important phenomena can exist, such as sub-critical propagation of microcracks with stress corrosion, dissolution of inter-granular contact areas by pressure solution process. In the present project, it is proposed to deal with two complementary features: laboratory testing and in situ investigation in order to identify different phenomena which are origin of time dependent deformation; and develop a multi-scale approach for numerical modelling by including the identified mechanisms. Two representative rocks, sedimentary rock and poly-crystal rock, will be selected in this work. The present proposal will deal with three jointed features: experimental characterization of different mechanisms responsible to time dependent behaviour and determination of overall creep deformation in laboratory and in situ; development of multi-scale and multi-physics approach for numerical modelling; numerical implementation, validation and application. These features will be organized in 8 tasks, which are described in detail in the research program: ? Task 1: experimental characterisation of phenomena; ? Task 2: experimental investigation of chemomechanical coupling; ? Task 3: characterization of overall time dependent deformation; ? Task 4: in situ experimental in situ; ? Task 5: formulation of a basic constitutive model for instantaneous mechanical behaviour of rocks ? Task 6: extension of the basic model to time-dependent behaviour; ? Task 7: consideration of chemomechanical coupling; ? Task 8: numerical implementation and validation.

The Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR): Institutional transition or return to paternalism' 1-topicality of the subject The question of the capacities of regulation of the CSR is today in the heart of the local concerns (it is one of the axes of the project of regional development around the durable development), national (since the law on the new responsibilities for the companies) and international (the implication testifies some to the European union which fixes the definition of what is the CSR and the emergence this item in the Seven Research Program of the European Community (FP7)). On the scientific level the CSR is the subject already of a very important scientific literature in the field of sciences of management (see bibliography) but is the subject yet only meanly of a systematic treatment in social sciences in general, and more particularly in the field of economic sciences. Our project is innovating since it precisely seeks to establish a framework of analysis since the economy, in order to various social sciences decipher the economic and social stakes still largely ignored of this emergent phenomenon. 2 general Statement of the project The CSR represents, from the point of view of the regulation of our Western and European companies, a rather clear rupture compared to the preceding mode of economic and social regulation usually appointed by compromised expression the "social fordist". They are indeed to requalify the companies as actors responsible for the regulation the social and environmental reports/ratios, formerly managed not by the companies, but by the macro-actors of the wage report/ratio: State and the two sides of industry. It is with the importance of this turning and the perennial character of the form of founded "micro" regulation under tended by the CSR that we intend to devote our analyses. Our step more precisely consists in questioning the CSR under the angle of the institutional transition than it represents, since it emerges from the microeconomic plan on the basis of weakening of the old regulating structures which the social State and the various legal devices formed strictly framing the activity of the company and his report/ratio with work. This concept of institutional transition raises three projecting questions: how to represent the economic actor' How to represent the institution (and his report/ratio with the individual or collective action)' How to take into account the time of the institution necessarily equipped a historical thickness This subject requires an interdisciplinary treatment: the question of the regulation of the social reports/ratios and the report/ratio to the environment with the centre and the companies, indeed implies a glance borrowing from various sciences from social which are economic sciences, sociology, sciences of management, the history and the science of law. Each one of its disciplines indeed proposes a treatment specific and complementary other glances, making it possible to propose the stakes in terms of social regulation macroeconomic and macro (socio-economic stakes), of modification of the legislation and the regulation national and international (legal sciences), of modification of the management and the borders of the company (sciences of management), finally of distribution between what raises of the institutional innovation and what is connected on a simple return to pre-fordistes old forms (historical sciences). 3 Methodologies We will seek to hold three objectives on the basis of annual international seminar: (1) to constitute a speech common to the various sciences mobilized through their glance on the CSR. L ' objective is to arrive thus at the constitution of a theoretical lexicon around the concepts of responsibilities, part-fascinating, institution, rule, company, organization... which gives body to the transdisciplinarity that we propose to make live; (2) we will then seek to confront this lexicon common so that one can qualify "speech of actors" of the managers engaged in the movement of the CSR, but also of the trainers who exempt a teaching leading to the setting does not practise a CSR. L ' idea is to include/understand how the speech of the CSR is built (and more generally how the universe of the company produces its own legitimating). (3) To test the geographical validity of this grid by internationalizing it: for that it will be applied to a privileged ground, from the point of view specialist in comparative literature: that of the North-Pas de Calais (Lille) , Wallonia (Liege) and Quebec (Montreal).

Pathogens are a threat for crops and natural plant populations. A major challenge in plant breeding is to identify the genetic and molecular bases for natural resistance variation in plant species. The identification of genes underlying natural resistance variation might have enormous implications for human health by increasing crop yield and quality. Disease resistance is constituted by an elaborate, multilayered system of defense. One of the most effective systems developed at the species level to prevent pathogen penetration is called nonhost resistance. This defense system shows some similarity with the mammalian innate immunity and is associated with multiple signal transduction events. A second layer of defense, occurring in certain varieties or accessions of plants in response to certain isolates or races of a pathogen species, is the so-called race specific resistance. Much research has focused on this form of resistance which is generally inherited as a monogenic trait and is determined by the concomitant presence of a resistance (R) gene in the plant and the corresponding avirulence (avr) gene in the pathogen. A hypersensitive response (HR) is often triggered in plants when R gene products recognized avr gene products. HR is a complex, early defense response that causes necrosis and cell death to restrict the growth of a pathogen. HR is observed when plants are infected with high pathogen densities. Thus, race specific resistance in A. thaliana is usually considered a qualitative trait. In crops and natural plant populations, quantitative resistance is much more prevalent than specific resistance. Quantitative resistance corresponds to plant response to pathogen densities for which no HR is observed. While much progress in understanding the molecular and genetic bases of disease resistance in plants has been made during the past years through studies of simple forms of resistance (R genes), almost nothing is known about the molecular bases of quantitative resistance, a form of resistance prevalent in nature. The present project is aimed at understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying quantitative resistance in Arabidopsis thaliana to Xanthomonas campestris, a worldwide pathogen affecting crop yield. In order to successfully complete the long-term objective of this project, the expertise of 2 different teams in Arabidopsis pathology and their common interest in identifying novel resistance mechanisms will be used. It aims to establish a link between molecular physiology and population genetics for quickly increasing the ability to identify and validate candidate genes associated to quantitative resistance to Xcc. Adopting an interdisciplinary strategy (genomics,population genetics and functional validation) and an original method recently developped in A. thaliana to fine map candidate genes (Genome Wide Association mapping) will permit to fully take benefit of natural variation in A. thaliana to describe new quantitative resistance candidates genes. Finally, the identification of a gene conferring resistance to different strains of Xanthomonas would be a major breakthrough from both a fundamental and an applied perspective. Indeed, because A. thaliana is closely related to Brassica crop species, identified quantitative resistance genes in A. thaliana will provide good candidate genes for plant breeders.

Two decades after the first publications, MALDI ions sources for Mass Spectrometry (MS) are clearly an incontrovertible tool for analytical purposed. MALDI as ESI ion sources, by allowing obtaining ions from high masses polar compounds in the gas phases, have become of specific interest in analysis of biomolecules. There important role in proteomics studies has nowadays no more to be demonstrated and is revealed by the number of publications in the field where such technologies are used. MALDI is a robust, sensitive, easy technology with complementary performances to ESI. It has the advantage to work with solid samples submitted to laser irradiation that allow for the introduction and analysis of samples under various forms from solutions to small pieces of materials. One benefit of MALDI has appeared a decade ago with its use for retrieving molecular information from tissue sections allowing for obtaining molecular information's at a specific location on the surface reflecting its local composition. Adding automation of tissue section analysis and by developing dedicated bioinformatics' tools, access to molecular images of the distribution of analyzed specie in the tissue was obtained. After several years of developments, MALDI Imaging Mass Spectrometry (MALDI-IMS) is now a tool for researches in the field of proteomics with many applications ranging from fundamental biological problems to clinical applications. MALDI-IMS does present several advantages namely achievement in one acquisition of as many images as detected compounds without any prerequisite knowledge, suppression of time and material consuming steps of extraction and separation, added information of molecules localization after their identification. Recent published applications of MALDI-IMS give a good overview of the interest of such a technology for biological applications. Although, if MALDI-MS in peculiar or MALDI in general is a performing tool, fundamental processes that lead to formation of ions in the gas phases are still not clearly understood. In fact, in MALDI, as in others desorption techniques (FAB, PDMS, SIMS) only few control of the processes leading to ion formation is possible. In MALDI, desorption/ionization process lead to the formation of a plasma that user cannot affect consequently expect or weakly by changing laser fluence or matrix used. More, than just aiming in satisfying a scientific curiosity, better understanding of fundamental processes is the key to obtain fully controlled desorption/ionization for higher analytical performances namely sensitivity, signal to noise ratio, resolution and range of observed species. In fact, fundamental studies of MALDI at its beginning prove that only few percent of the material ablated after a laser shot is present as ions. Thus, increasing number of ion produced is one of the aspects where much of the effort must be drawn. On the other side, it was proved several years ago that ions present in the gas phase just after the desorption event present themselves as clusters of molecules i.e. analytes molecules surrounded by matrix molecules. These clusters do not seem to desolvate easily inducing chemical noise background in the mass spectra. Controlling these clusters desolvation insuring naked analyte to be detected, would result in increase signal to noise ratio signals and should account for the observation of signals that are hampered by the presence of this noise. Regarding MALDI-IMS two current and main limitations are encountered: the spatial resolution of the technology and its ability to be enough sensitive to detect biomolecules of lowest abundance. Many efforts were given to spatial resolution in the past years by use of more focused laser beam allowing decreasing up to ~50 µm resolution systems. Ideally, MALDI-IMS should provide 1 µm spatially resolved image to reach sub-cellular level imaging. Focusing laser beam up to 1 µm is achievable but main limitation is encountered in the ion formation. Previous fundamental studies clearly demonstrate the drastic decrease in the ion yield under laser focusing of 40-50 µm. On the other side, decreasing sensitivity threshold for observing lowly abundance can be slightly tuned by modifications of sample preparation including search for new matrices or developing specific sample treatments. However, a real break down in the limits could only be obtained by better understanding of the desorption/ionization process itself. By stating, on two different aspects comprising the existence of matrix/analyte clusters in MALDI that only desolvate progressively and a possible improvement of ion formation using different systems. We propose to increase ion yield by at least a factor 5 and find system to control cluster desolvatation and use this to improve MALDI-IMS performances for highly resolved MALDI-IMS (<10 µm). Final goal would be by increasing MALDI-IMS resolution for performing imaging system to equip clinical area.