The 2009 landmark report from the WHO Commission on “social determinants of health” has reemphasized the universally observed inequalities in morbidity and premature mortality to the detriment of socio-economic groups at the lowest level of the social gradient. In developing countries, following the so-called 1987 “Bamako Initiative” introducing cost-recovery policies and user-fees at the point of delivery of public health care, the equity debate has been rather focused on the social distribution of both health care financing and access to health care. Recent research, including that carried out in Palestine and in four African capitals by some of the teams participating in this project (INSERM/IRD/University Aix-Marseille II UMR SE4S and GREQAM/IDEP), has however shown that aggregate summary measures of vertical and horizontal inequality (such as concentration indices derived from the general class of Gini-type and rank-based measures), which have been widely used in the health economics literature dealing with developed countries, may not be fully appropriate in the context of developing countries where out-of-pocket payments at the point of health care consumption represent a greater share of total expenditures (often >50% in low-income countries). The INEGSANTE research project is directly related to themes 4 (Catastrophe, risks, vulnerabilities) and 1 (Demographic dynamics and future of societies in developing countries) of the call for proposals “les Suds Aujourd’hui II”. It proposes to improve the scientific debate about equity in health care expenditures and in access to health care in developing countries in three related ways: -To transfer to this field recent methodological advances in the measurement of inequality from the tax and public economics literature (notably using new non-linear estimation methods of decomposition and microsimulation techniques that are more appropriate for disentangling the respective roles of individual behaviours and preferences and of characteristics of health care delivery systems and financing schemes in the analysis of equity). -To re-examine the relationship between income and health care inequalities (notably with an attempt to operationalise in this field Sen’s concepts of “adaptive preferences and capability deprivation” and through measuring ex post re-ranking effects of health care expenditures on income distribution ). -To perform econometric analysis applying, for the first time, these approaches to national household surveys including detailed data on health care expenditures and consumption in a large sample of 12 African and Middle-Eastern low-income (Burkina-Faso, Senegal, Zambia), lower middle-income (Cameroon, Côte d’Ivoire, Egypt, Jordan, Morocco, Palestine, Tunisia) and upper middle-income (Lebanon, South Africa) countries. Contextualization of analysis and interpretation of data will be facilitated by the active participation of researchers from the EMRO region of the WHO and from the Universities of Birzeit, Cape Town and Tunis). In addition to scientific valorisation of the results, impact on international debates and on policy-makers will be facilitated by the role of some of the involved researchers as experts for various international organizations (World Bank, ILO, Global Fund, WHO, etc.).

Neuronal circuits in the brain adjust their properties through regulation of both synaptic transmission and intrinsic neuronal excitability. Dysfunction of these regulations may lead to abnormal electrical activity and neurological deficits. Our proposal concerns the physiological and pathophysiological mechanisms that regulate global electrical activity and neurotransmission by modulating the Kv1 family of voltage-gated potassium channels. Kv1 channels are located at several strategic points of the neuron: the axon initial segment, the presynaptic terminal and along the conducting axon. They therefore determine several key properties of the neuron such as intrinsic excitability, synaptic strength, axonal conduction and synaptic timing, and have recently been implicated in the homeostatic plasticity of intrinsic neuronal excitability. Kv1 channels are regulated by leucine-rich, glioma-inactivated 1 protein (LGI1), a protein responsible for neurological diseases like autosomal dominant lateral temporal epilepsy (ADTLE) and limbic encephalitis (LE). We propose here to define i) the role of LGI1-dependent regulation of Kv1 in intrinsic plasticity, axonal function & synaptic transmission, ii) determine whether antibodies against LGI1 from patients with LE modulate excitability at the axon and the presynaptic terminal, and iii) identify the cellular mechanisms of epileptic seizures in LGI1-/-. This project combines complementary expertise of consortium members (D. Debanne, M. Seagar & S. Baulac) in cellular and molecular physiology of the synapse, and in neurogenetics of epilepsies. Our project will lead to identification of new mechanisms of activity-dependent plasticity in brain circuits that may help defining new strategies for therapeutic interventions.