Several studies analyzed the transfers of knowledge between research laboratories and firms. They identified in particular, the importance of the nearness and of the constitution of networks in the production of innovations, mostly technical. Public policies appropriated these analyzes by creating the conditions of this nearness and by insisting on (from the 1970s onwards), the creation of science parks ,and later, of poles of competitiveness, allowing to move closer, the world of research and the business world. On the other hand, in the United States (Gibbons et al.,1994) or in France (Callon et Al.,2001), various authors laid the foundations for a renewing of the relations between sciences and society, involving the society more in the production of knowledge, including the definition of scientific questionings. These discussions still continue today within various political and scientific cenacles and the governance of research continues to be modified in different contexts. While researchers and firms meet daily within the framework of a bilateral exchange, or can be urged to exchange during debates, which are the controversial scientific questionings discussed and how to estimate the innovations, that are of course scientific but also structural and social ? These questionings impose at the same time, to identify or to conceive the devices of science –firms debates, but also to analyze how to get people involved. Our project is double : on the one hand it is a question of conceiving and of experimenting a deliberative space consisting of scientists related with several disciplines and of business managers or their representatives, on the other hand, we shall analyze scientific questioning produced during these open debates, and within the framework of the couples firm-laboratory, in order to enrich the comparisons. The objective of the study will aim at the environmental questions because they concern the entire society, because they are complex and because they sustain the debates, (top-down or bottom-up). The study area is Western Brittany. The fact that it allows us to join a geographical nearness and the number of researchers concerned with environmental issues on the relatively restricted territory is consequent. Besides, an initiative of collaborative platforms science-companies was introduced in 2010. The debating process of environmental questionings will be discussed and tried (task 1). In order to feed the comparisons, two configurations of the scientific-firms relations will be precisely observed and analyzed : the specifically conceived debates within the framework of this research (task 2) and experiences associating a firm and one or several research laboratories (task 3). The analysis of the innovations (task 4) will be led in a multidisciplinary and reflexive way, meaning that it will associate all the participants whether they be scientists or from the business world. Through these various aspects which we suggest developing, the project concerns at the same time, fundamental research (acquisition of knowledge) and applied research, without the limitations of ideological and normative aspects.

The European transport faces major challenges in terms of safety, greenhouse gas emissions, traffic congestion and its derived costs. In addition, the development of disruptive technologies and emergence of new mobility solutions generate a revolution in transport network and traffic management. In this context, TANGENT aims to develop new complementary tools for optimising traffic operations in a coordinated and dynamic way from a multimodal perspective and considering automated/non-automated vehicles, passengers and freight transport. TANGENT will research on advanced techniques on modelling and simulation, such as prediction and simulation models for future demand & supply of transport; optimisation techniques for balancing the demand flows between the means of transport; and users travel behaviour modelling. As result, a set of applications for decision-making support will be delivered creating a framework for coordinated traffic and transport management, encompassing an enhanced mobility information service and dashboard with associated APIs and advanced functionalities with a two-fold approach: to provide real-time traffic management recommendations and to support Transport Authorities to design network-wide optimal strategies. The framework also aims at supporting a multi-actor cooperation approach for transport network management by enabling communication channels. In this way, the services target to different actors in traffic management. The results will be tested in three case studies: Rennes (FR), Lisbon (PT), Great Manchester (UK) and a virtual case study in Athens (HE)with real data from various modes of transport, under different traffic events such as bottlenecks, accidents, pedestrian flow etc. The impact will be assessed to reach expected reduction targets of 10% in travel time, 8-10% in CO2 emissions, 5% of accidents, 5-10% increase in use public transport and use of active modes or 10% of economic costs due to a more efficient management.

The vision of MODALSHIFT lies in the creation of a transport network and traffic management optimisation framework, trusted and valuable for local stakeholders, that bridges the data from infrastructures, logistics and mobility operators. New IoT devices - a smart box enabling Capacity-as-a-Service, and a e-subscription device for public transport access for vulnerable people, will increase the sources for data collection. A mobility data space, associated to novel geolocation data anonymisation, will be set up in the 3 Case Studies (Bulgaria, Italy, Spain) to ensure trusted and secure data exchange between data providers and users. This multisource data will enhance traffic state forecasting and increase the detection rate of events by 15%. On this basis, predictive and prescriptive analytics and synchromodality-based scenarios, tested in digital twins and early pilots, will identify optimal actions of transport stakeholders for adjusting their operations, towards a reduction of 25% of the interconnection or transshipment delays. Agent-based modelling will identify how a modal shift towards low-carbon, active and shared mobility services can be acceptable by end-users and support a reshape of the public transport services and the use of urban space. A multimodal traffic management platform will orchestrate, upon the data space, the cooperation of stakeholders at network and multimodal hub scales. It enables the connection of dynamic optimisation algorithms to operational drivers’ tool for mobility operators, and of static models to visual interface for transport planners. The determination of governance models, values for each stakeholder, dynamic pricing and business models, will steer the participation of 8 stakeholders for each Case Study in the multimodal traffic management system. With this approach, MODALSHIFT stimulates new uses of the transport network to reduce traffic congestion for low-carbon and inclusive mobility, avoiding pernicious rebound effects.

The mission of CoEXist is to systematically increase the capacity of road authorities of getting ready for the transition towards a shared road network with increasing levels of automated vehicles (AVs), both in terms of vehicle penetration rates and levels of automation using the same road network as conventional vehicles (CVs). CoEXist will enable mobility stakeholders to get “AV-ready” – which CoEXist defines as conducting transport and infrastructure planning for automated vehicles in the same comprehensive manner as for existing modes such as conventional vehicles, public transport, pedestrians and cyclists, while ensuring continued support for conventional vehicles on the same network. AV-ready transport and infrastructure planning in cities is a key precondition for fulfilling the promises of AVs to reduce road space demand and improve traffic efficiency and safety – without it, AVs could simply increase the urban mobility problems. CoEXist will address three key steps in transport and infrastructure development: • AV-ready transport modelling: Validated extension of existing microscopic and macroscopic transport models to include different types of AVs (passenger car/ light-freight vehicle, automation levels). • AV-ready road infrastructure: Tool to assess the impact of AVs on safety, traffic efficiency and space demand and development of design guidance for hybrid (AV-/CV-shared) infrastructure. • AV-ready road authorities: Elaboration of eight use cases in four road authorities (Gothenburg, Helmond, Milton Keynes and Stuttgart), used to evaluate AV impacts on safety, traffic efficiency and road space requirements (with CoEXist tools) and making detailed hybrid infrastructure design recommendations. Due consideration of CEDR’s Transnational Research Programme is shown through the participation of TRL, the coordinator of the CEDR-funded Dragon project.