Shipping is the most widely used medium for transport of goods internationally and will continue to increase. Although shipping is a carbon-efficient transport medium, there is an increasing focus on its broader environmental consequences. For a sustainable and equitable use of the oceans, as well as minimizing impacts of global change, a further development to sustainable shipping, or green shipping, is needed. Ship-building and operational standards are introduced and area-based instruments, such as emission control areas (ECAs), are established. However, lack of regulations, vague monitoring, unclear environmental impacts and economic uncertainty might cause problems for industry and society. In ShipTRASE, the environmental, economic and legal aspects of both near-term and long-term solutions to shipping emission reduction and control mechanisms will be analysed. The potential environmental impacts on the lower atmosphere and upper ocean include those from pollutant emission from ship smokestacks and liquid discharge, as well as increased methane-induced greenhouse warming. With our transdisciplinary team (atmospheric sciences, chemical oceanography, international law, environmental economy and engineering), we will investigate how the use of scrubbers and alternative fuels impact the environment and feedback on economics and regulation. In addition, we will involve stakeholders in both Germany and Sweden (industry, local government, large scale regulation) to discuss these topics, share information and outcomes, and co-design further scientific research. The work involved will use various platforms: in-situ measurements, scrubber laboratory measurements, numerical modeling, cost-benefit analysis, and survey methodologies. ShipTRASE will deliver an economic and environmental consequence analysis of implementation of control areas. In addition, we will assess the impact of policy settings and legal regulation. A methodology for making such analysis is also one important outcome of the project.

Loss of sensory and motor functions as a result of spinal cord injury, peripheral nerve injury or loss of a limb affects several million people worldwide, serving as a powerful motivation for the development of rehabilitation strategies that can partially restore or substitute the lost sensory - motor functions. A broad variety of electronic devices to bidirectionally interface the central and peripheral nervous system have been proposed and more are currently under development. However, given the stringent requirements for the materials and technologies to be used in these neural interfaces, progress in this field is rather slow. This project aims at exploring the potential of graphene-based technologies in neural interfaces for motor neuroprostheses. Taking advantage of intrinsic properties of graphene, such as biocompatibility, electronic performance, and easy integration within flexible substrates, we will develop graphene flexible devices to record and stimulate in the nervous system. Efficient stimulation will be based on novel highly porous reduced graphene thin films exhibiting extreme charge injection capacity. Recording with high signal-to-noise ratio will be provided by low noise CVD-grown single layer graphene field-effect transistors. Different designs will be developed to serve as extraneural and intraneural electrodes in peripheral nerve and in brain cortex. Biocompatibility and functionality will be extensively tested in chronic implants in animal models. The ability of these novel interfaces to record electrical signals from nerve and brain and to stimulate for providing sensory feedback will be determined in experimental models of nerve injury and of somatosensory cortex, in order to generate the proof of concept for the usability of interfaces for the control of neuroprostheses and for the neuromodulation of sensory dysfunctions (pain and touch) after nervous lesions. Multichannel stimulator will be developed and tailored for investigating the capability of the graphene based interface to provide sensory feedback. As a first trial in humans, surface devices with graphene electrodes will be tested on the stump of human amputees, to assess suitability for recording electromyographic signals with higher resolution than obtained with commercial electrodes, and for providing some sensory feedback. The results of the GRAFIN project will significantly push forward the forefront of graphene technology and innovation by increasing the TRL of graphene medical devices and by advancing towards clinical acceptance of graphene materials.

The 15-minute city concept envisions neighborhoods with all basic services accessible within a 15- minute reach, emphasizing reduced trips and travel distances. As this means the reallocation of basic services into urban neighborhoods, freight traffic is also reallocated towards these areas. But how and where freight traffic will rise, and how user-choices and behavior will be influenced, is currently largely unknown. Thus, urban freight currently lacks sufficient integration within the 15-minute city concept. Especially the lack of comprehensive data on urban freight hinders potential improvements in abating its negative impacts, such as congestion, air pollution, compromised accessibility, and usage pressure on public space. This data deficiency hinders the planning and research sector from aligning urban freight policies with city objectives and impairs the developmentof sustainable policies and solutions. To address this, POTUS involves relevant stakeholders (urban administrations, academia, operators...) to address data gaps, develop and standardize innovative survey methods, to acquire and model urban freight data. The learnings are transformed into planning recommendations. At the same time the project will produce a user-friendly urban freight survey handbook. This joint approach allows for a transferability of urban freight tools and knowledge from small-sized cities to metropolitan European regions, acting as a basis for evidence-based planning of holistic 15-minute neighborhoods.

The main detection mechanisms of the ac-current rectification in THz graphene radiation sensors will be studied, by conducting systematic experiments on devices with different layouts and materials in combination with graphene, at frequencies from sub-THz to infrared range and wide temperature range from 4K up to room temperature. Fundamental aspects of terahertz radiation-graphene interaction and, in particular, interplay of the thermoelectric and plasmonic (Dyakonov-Shur) mechanisms of terahertz-radiation detection will be investigated, with an eye to optoelectronic applications. The layouts and materials will be tailored to favour a particular target detection mechanism using industry compatible processes. The optimal layout of the room-temperature radiation sensors will then be designed- and tested, in which two- or several detection mechanisms will contribute constructively to the output signal, thereby allowing for the maximum responsivity and minimum noise. The identification of the main detection mechanisms and development of optimized detectors will also promote new designs of other high frequency graphene devices like THz mixers and fast focal plane imaging arrays.