Summary Tropical tree plantations provide indispensable renewable goods to the global market and family farms represent the majority of their surface area and production. To ensure the sustainability of plantation systems, environmental and socio-economic conditions should remain favorable during several decades. How can such conditions be ensured when the environment is changing? Even if the local consequences of global increase in temperature are difficult to assess, the farmers will probably face a more variable climate, with probable changes in rain patterns. Moreover, all natural resources have recently faced hugely variable prices related to variations in global demand. High prices attract new investors and drive the extension of plantations into new areas, inducing land-use changes and changes in farming structures. The final aim of the project is to analyze how smallholder’s tree plantations can adapt and keep sustainable whereas they face variable climatic conditions and deep changes in their socio-economic context. Do farmers perceive these risks and do they initiate adaptive strategies? Rubber tree-based systems in Thailand will be used as a model of tropical family plantations integrated in a major global commodity channel. The project will assess both the specificities of rubber cropping and the more general features of tree plantations. The originality of the project relies on the multi-disciplinary approach of both the characterization of changes and their consequences on rubber plantations and the related risks for farmers. Plant and soil sciences will be associated to social sciences and economics. We will analyze the way socio-economic factors interact with biophysical factors to determine farmers’ vulnerability or adaptability to changes. This will require the identification of relevant indicators to measure farmers’ adaptation, and the impacts of changes on sustainability and resilience of the systems. We will refer to the Sustainable Livelihood Framework (Ellis, 2000) to represent the household/holding , combined with the OECD risk matrix (2009) to assess households’ viability. We will focus on two major factors, (i) the type of holdings, particularly the emergence of new investors and (ii) the share-cropping contracts that frame the management of plantations. The main biophysical risk relate to climate changes and to the extension of plantations in new and more adverse areas. We will evaluate the risks at plot or farm levels, as well as potential externalities, in terms of soil sustainability (soil fertility preservation related to soil physical quality and soil functional diversity) and tree adaptation to water stress. Specific ecological constraints linked to the different cultivation area will be considered. In the North-eastern rubber extension area, the climate is drier and the soil fertility is low, whereas in the traditional area (South) continuous rubber cropping occurs for more than 50 years (third cycle). In the North, the specific issue of rubber installation in mountainous area will particularly focus on the effects of terracing, considering the impact on water flow and water balance. A typology of rubber farming systems and of practices will be proposed from socio-economic survey, particularly regarding land management and latex harvesting systems. The impact of practices on economic performances, soil physical and bio-functioning will be evaluated through specific indicators that will be developed or adapted in the perspective of multi-criteria evaluation of plantation systems. The information will be integrated at different scales from plot to farm and watershed and shared with stakeholder through a co-innovation platform. Beside the specific case of rubber plantations, a more generic output of the project is to determine, through modelling and risk framework analysis, the most significant indicators to be observed to assess the long-term adaptation and sustainability of tree-based family farms.

The few available studies in the Caribbean, including the French West Indies, highlight urgent public health issues: a shift in the dietary structure and increasing rates of obesity and chronic diseases have been observed over recent decades, revealing an advanced phase of the nutrition transition, which may affect nutrition security. Among the striking characteristics of nutrition transition are changes in food supply and population diet over short periods related to international trade and increased dependence on foods’ importation. An in-depth knowledge of individual and environmental determinants of dietary behaviours in French West Indies is urgently needed to better understand how they impact population health and to guide public health measures. Our multidisciplinary project, involving nutritionists, epidemiologists, economists, sociologists, sensory scientists, a food technical institute, food industries and the French Ministry of Agriculture, aims to elucidate the relationships between characteristics of local food supply and dietary behaviours of populations and to propose strategies to improve nutrition security in the French West Indies. Specifically, our project aims at: -characterizing individual food and nutrient intakes, nutritional status and household food supply practices (WP1). Based on epidemiological representative studies conducted in 2004 among 1113 Martinican adults and in 2014 among 1273 Martinican and Guadeloupean adults and 153 children, we will characterize dietary patterns, in relation with the prevalence of obesity, folate and iron deficiencies as well as their social determinants and their evolution over 11 years. -understanding determinants of consumers’ food choices (WP2). We will assess sensory preferences for sweet, fat and salt in Martinican adults, by developing sensory tests and preference questionnaire adapted to the population. We will study their relationships with dietary intake, through 24h dietary records. We will also evaluate how consumers balance different motives (price, sensory preference, product characteristics, local production) using experimental economics. Then, we will qualitatively explore how food environment influence consumers’ food practices. -characterizing the evolution of food supply and the rooms for manoeuvre for local firms to improve the nutritional quality of foods (WP3). Using interviews, we will characterize supply chain and strategies of different stakeholders in the French West Indies. We will study dynamics of food products’ importations and local production in terms of price, amounts, nutritional quality and types of foods, over two decades in Martinique and Guadeloupe, using existing data from custom duties and local production. Rooms for manoeuvre for local firms, in terms of nutritional improvement of foods (reformulation, redeployment and innovation) will be estimated. -exploring strategies, at consumer and food supply levels, able to improve nutrition security. Based on findings on firms’ rooms of manœuvre, we will simulate the impact of reformulations on the nutritional quality of individual observed diets, i.e. when no changes occur at consumer level. Based on findings on consumers’ behaviours, and when no changes occur at food supply level, we will model the dietary changes allowing meeting nutritional recommendations with lowest departure from observed food patterns and at no additional cost. Then, the potential impact on nutrition security of combining improvements of food supply and food choices will be explored through quantitative and qualitative approaches, in order to suggest guidelines for public and private decision makers. By proposing ways to improve nutrition security through more favorable dietary behaviors and local food supply accessible and conducive to well-being and health, our project will contribute to identify and to promote strategies to meet the nutritional and hedonic needs of consumers under their budget constraints.

Food and nutrition insecurity is a worldwide problem that particularly affects Sub-Saharan Africa today. By 2050 West African countries will face rapid demographic growth and urbanization while stronger climaterelated constraints on food systems (FS); hence the urgent need to propose adaptations of African FS. Despite their importance for health, fruits and vegetables (F&V) are poorly considered in most food security and climate change studies. SAFOODS project considers the need for reshaping West-African F&V FS to sustainably contribute to food and nutrition security, with an emphasis on poor urban consumers. The main objective is to assess climate change-related risks on F&V FS and to co-design innovations with actors of food chains. Two complementary strategies will be explored: the reduction of Food Loss and Waste (FLW) and the diversification of both cropping systems and foodsheds. The project will focus on two city-region FS in two countries facing food security challenges and a gradient of climatic situations: Dakar and Ziguinchor in Senegal, Yamoussoukro and Abidjan in Ivory Coast. The case of international chains and risks of climate change on the UK FS will also be studied. SAFOODS approach is to work downstream to upstream, starting from urban consumers’ diets then tracing back and mapping the food chains, and then identifying critical points where climate change may threaten flows of production and FLW. Using mixed methodologies (surveys, maps, food chains and FS analysis, simulations with quantitative models, foresights with actors) outputs will include scientific knowledge, identification of innovations, capacity building and an overall shared vision with actors of African FS for the future. An interdisciplinary consortium (agronomists, food scientists, nutritionists, economists, social scientists, and policy experts) comprises ISRA-Bame (Senegal), NRI (United Kingdom), UNA (Ivory Coast) and CIRAD (France), with CIRAD as the Project Coordinator.

Some food system actors are experimenting with blockchain to bring transparency to food products regarding their origins and production processes. To build transparency, all actors in a specific supply chain must share sensitive data in the blockchain. This creates an end-to-end, real-time, shared and tamperproof traceability system, from which information can be made available to consumers, but also exploited to improve the functioning and sustainability of the supply chain. Blockchain invites food supply chains to become participative, but also subject to permanent monitoring. These are unheard of conditions, and the implications for supply chain coordination, actors’ behaviour, and inter-organisational dynamics are not well understood. This JCJC project explores how blockchain transforms food supply chains to understand how to design and implement more participative, transparent, and efficient supply chains likely to contribute to the transition to more sustainable food systems.

TransIndiandairy addresses technical, organisational and institutional levers to upscale agroecological transitions. It does it by developing a multiscale framework on institutional resources regime guiding the analysis (both qualitative and quantitative) and supporting the integration of results. Indian dairy systems are chosen as case study for their local and international importance and for the unprecedented scale of their transition. Concretely, the team of 12 social and biotechnical scientists will analyse the coevolution between the business models involved in the production, processing and marketing of dairy products in three Indian states (WP1) and the multiscale governance of the transitions (WP2). It will also assess the systems multidimensional performance (matter and energy flows, value creation and distribution, resilience) (WP3). Project outcomes will be both scientific (articles, report, PhD) and operational (unlocking, knowledge spreading, scientific cooperation).