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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Mujahid Elobeid; Ajit C. Pillai; Longbin Tao; David Ingram; +2 Authors

    This study investigates the implications of wave-current interaction on the dynamic responses of the W2Power semisubmersible platform for floating offshore wind turbines under operational and extreme conditions. Firstly, two analytical models based on Airy wave theory are developed to analyse the effects of current interaction with regular and irregular waves. Then, these models are integrated with the well-known engineering tool OrcaFlex for the coupled aero-hydro-servo elastic analysis. The presence of current was found to significantly modify the wave profiles and influence the static equilibrium, mooring system, and motion dynamics of the FOWT. The results reveal that the translational motion responses, such as surge and heave, are affected by wave-current interaction, with mean and maximum values decreasing under a following current and increasing under an opposing current. However, rotational motion responses are minimally affected.Wave-current interaction also notably affects maximum mooring tensions, with variations of up to 22% depending on the current direction and mooring layout. Furthermore, reductions in maximum longitudinal acceleration are observed due to such interaction. Incorporating wave-current interaction in simulations enhances our understanding of FOWT dynamics and allows for more reliable estimations of system behaviour, emphasising the importance of ensuring safe operating conditions, particularly in sites with opposing currents.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Edinburgh Research E...arrow_drop_down
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    Ocean Engineering
    Article . 2024 . Peer-reviewed
    License: CC BY
    Data sources: Crossref
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Edinburgh Research E...arrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      Ocean Engineering
      Article . 2024 . Peer-reviewed
      License: CC BY
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Metzger, Marc J; Keller, Rose; Lo, Veronica; Filyushkina, Anna; +4 Authors

    Forest biodiversity studies conduct Visions help to understand common ground and tensions among citizens and stakeholders, supporting inclusive land management and conservation solutions to the climate emergency and biodiversity crisis. With careful design and sufficient resource, it is possible to bring together communities and other stakeholders to share perspectives and deliberate desired futures, identifying more acceptable alternatives and avoiding costly delays. We evaluated researcher and participant experiences of illustration-based interviews to understand land management visions using four studies in Scotland, The Netherlands and Spain. These studies used STREAMLINE, a visual mixed-method interview format using thematic illustrated canvases designed to provide an inclusive and creative framing for participants to contemplate their desired future. Participants enjoyed the informal visual format, which reduced pressure, increased comfort through the research process, and helped their thinking and reflection about complex topics. They also valued being listened to and having the opportunity to share their views. Researchers appreciated the ability to triangulate rich qualitative data with a variety of quantitative measure through the mixed-method format and the flexibility to adapt the canvases to suit their research aims. Positive participant experience made facilitation easier and was stimulating for the researchers. The credibility and legitimacy of illustration-based interviews will ultimately depend on specific research design-decisions and testing, which can make the approach more resource intensive than conventional interviews. While organisal barriers should be considered realistically, illustration-based interviews can have high saliency by providing useful and usable insights that strengthen land management policy and planning. Inclusive Conservation Participatory planning Governance Visions Visual methods Participatory methods d across Europe use a multitude of forestry terms, often inconsistently. This hinders the comparability across studies and makes the assessment of the impacts of forest management on biodiversity highly context-dependent. Recent attempts to standardize forestry and stand description terminology mostly used a top-down approach that did not account for the perspectives and approaches of forest biodiversity experts. This work aims to establish common standards for silvicultural and vegetation definitions, creating a shared conceptual framework for a consistent study on the effects of forest management on biodiversity. We have identified both strengths and weaknesses of the silvicultural and vegetation information provided in forest biodiversity studies. While quantitative data on forest biomass and dominant tree species are frequently included, information on silvicultural activities and vegetation composition is often lacking, shallow, or based on broad and heterogeneous classifications. We discuss the existing classifications and their use in European forest biodiversity studies through a novel bottom-up and top-driven review process, and ultimately propose a common framework. This will enhance the comparability of forest biodiversity studies in Europe, and puts the basis for effective implementation and monitoring of sustainable forest management policies. The standards here proposed are potentially adaptable and applicable to other geographical areas and could be extended to other forest interventions.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Landscape and Urban ...arrow_drop_down
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    NINA Brage
    Article . 2023
    Data sources: NINA Brage
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    Zurich Open Repository and Archive
    Other literature type . Article . 2023
    License: CC BY
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    Landscape and Urban Planning
    Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
    License: CC BY
    Data sources: Crossref
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Landscape and Urban ...arrow_drop_down
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      NINA Brage
      Article . 2023
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      Zurich Open Repository and Archive
      Other literature type . Article . 2023
      License: CC BY
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      Landscape and Urban Planning
      Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
      License: CC BY
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Scotti, Ivan; Lalagüe, Hadrien; Oddou‐Muratorio, Sylvie; Scotti‐Saintagne, Caroline; +13 Authors

    Microgeographical adaptation occurs when the effects of directional selection persist despite gene flow. Traits and genetic loci under selection can then show adaptive divergence, against the backdrop of little differentiation at other traits or loci. How common such events are and how strong the selection is that underlies them remain open questions. Here, we discovered and analysed microgeographical patterns of genomic divergence in four European and Mediterranean conifers with widely differing life-history traits and ecological requirements (Abies alba MIll., Cedrus atlantica [Endl.] Manetti, Pinus halepensis Mill. and Pinus pinaster Aiton) by screening pairs from geographically close forest stands sampled along steep ecological gradients. We inferred patterns of genomic divergence by applying a combination of divergence outlier detection methods, demographic modelling, Approximate Bayesian Computation inferences and genomic annotation to genomic data. Surprisingly for such small geographical scales, we showed that selection is strong in all species but generally affects different loci in each. A clear signature of selection was systematically detected on a fraction of the genome, of the order of 0.1%-1% of the loci depending on the species. The novel modelling method we designed for estimating selection coefficients showed that the microgeographical selection coefficient scaled by population size (Ns) was 2-30. Our results convincingly suggest that selection maintains within-population diversity at microgeographical scales in spatially heterogeneous environments. Such genetic diversity is likely to be a major reservoir of adaptive potential, helping populations to adapt under fluctuating environmental conditions. Agence Nationale de la Recherche, Grant/ Award Number: FLAG project (ANR-12- ADAP-0007-01); European Commission, Grant/Award Number: TOPWOOD project (MSCA-RISE-2014-645654- TOPWOOD) and grant agreement No. 676876 (GenTree); Ministère de l'Écologie, du Développement Durable et de l'Énergie, Grant/Award Number: GRAAL project (10-MCGOT-GICC-8-CVS-139) Peer reviewed 19 Pág.

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    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Molecular Ecology
    Article . 2022 . Peer-reviewed
    License: Wiley Online Library User Agreement
    Data sources: Sygma; Crossref
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    CNR ExploRA
    Article . 2023
    Data sources: CNR ExploRA
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Edinburgh Research E...arrow_drop_down
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      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
      Molecular Ecology
      Article . 2022 . Peer-reviewed
      License: Wiley Online Library User Agreement
      Data sources: Sygma; Crossref
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      CNR ExploRA
      Article . 2023
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Amanda T. Lombard; Jai Clifford-Holmes; Victoria Goodall; Bernadette Snow; +17 Authors

    AbstractWith a focus on oceans, we collaborated across ecological, social and legal disciplines to respond to the United Nations call for transformation in the ‘2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development’. We developed a set of 13 principles that strategically and critically connect transformative ocean research to transformative ocean governance (complementing the UN Decade for Ocean Science). We used a rigorous, iterative and transparent consensus-building approach to define the principles, which can interact in supporting, neutral or sometimes conflicting ways. We recommend that the principles could be applied as a comprehensive set and discuss how to learn from their interactions, particularly those that reveal hidden tensions. The principles can bring and keep together partnerships for innovative ocean action. This action must respond to the many calls to reform current ocean-use practices which are based on economic growth models that have perpetuated inequities and fuelled conflict and environmental decline.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Nature Sustainabilit...arrow_drop_down
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    Nature Sustainability
    Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
    License: CC BY
    Data sources: Crossref
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    https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3....
    Preprint . 2022
    License: CC BY
    Data sources: Crossref
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    UCL Discovery
    Article . 2023
    Data sources: UCL Discovery
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      Nature Sustainability
      Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
      License: CC BY
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      https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3....
      Preprint . 2022
      License: CC BY
      Data sources: Crossref
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      UCL Discovery
      Article . 2023
      Data sources: UCL Discovery
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    Authors: Horn, S.S.; Aslam, M.L.; Difford, G.F.; Tsakoniti, K.; +7 Authors

    Lipid-related traits are important candidates for a breeding goal for gilthead seabream, because they affect both fish and human health, as well as production efficiency. However, to date there have been very few estimates of genetic parameters for these traits, and the genetic relationship between fatty acids and other important traits have never been reported for gilthead seabream. Therefore, the aim of this study was to estimate genomic heritability and genetic relationships of fat deposition traits and individual muscle fatty acids in a commercial population of gilthead seabream using the novel ~30 k MedFish SNP array. In total 967 gilthead seabream fed with a commercial feed were genotyped with the MedFish SNP chip which included ~30 K informative markers for this species. On average, the fish weighed 372 g. The mean content of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) + docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) was 822 mg per 100 g fillet. The heritability of muscle fat, viscera weight and percentage viscera were in the range of 0.34–0.46. The genetic correlation of body weight with muscle fat was 0.12, indicating that genetic variation in muscle fat is largely independent of the weight of the fish. The heritability of the product of endogenous fatty acid synthesis (n = 240), palmitoleic acid (16:1n-7), was high (0.43). The estimated heritability of EPA (%) and DHA (%) was 0.39 and 0.33, respectively. Both EPA and DHA had low, non-significant genetic correlations with body weight, and DHA had a negative genetic correlation with muscle fat (− 0.53). It is possible to increase EPA and DHA content in gilthead seabream fillets by selective breeding. The high heritability of 16:1n-7, a marker of de novo lipogenesis, suggests that there is a strong genetic component to this metabolic pathway in gilthead seabream. Muscle fat deposition and body weight seem to be independent traits, and selective breeding for faster growth is not likely to influence the proportional content of EPA and DHA.

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    Article . 2022
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    Aquaculture
    Article . 2022 . Peer-reviewed
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      Article . 2022
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      Aquaculture
      Article . 2022 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Villanueva, B; Fernandez, A; Peiro-Pastor, R; Penaloza, C; +9 Authors

    Knowledge of population structure and genetic diversity within and between wild and farmed populations of gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata) and European seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax) is important to achieve sustainable aquaculture production of these species and to assess the risk of genetic impacts of fish escaped from farms. Previous population genetic studies on these species have been based on a limited number of genetic markers and samples. In this study, these features were assessed using samples from 24 seabream and 25 seabass populations distributed throughout the Mediterranean Sea, and 3 wild seabream Atlantic populations. Samples were genotyped with a newly developed combined species SNP array that includes ~60K SNPs. Data from sequencing pools of individual DNA from the same populations were also used. Different approaches were employed for identifying the extent of population stratification within species. The effective population size (a parameter inversely related to the rate at which genetic variability is lost) was estimated for each population based on linkage disequilibrium. Population structure results revealed a clear differentiation between wild and farmed populations in both species. Wild populations showed a low degree of differentiation, particularly in seabream. Despite this, a slight differentiation was observed between Atlantic and Mediterranean seabream populations and between western and eastern Mediterranean seabass populations. However, farmed populations were quite heterogeneous and showed a high degree of differentiation. Some farmed populations of both species showed a genetic makeup similar to that found in wild populations. In general, the effective population size was large (> 1000) for wild and small (< 100) for farmed populations of both species. About 40% of the seabream and 80% of the seabass farmed populations had estimates of effective population size smaller than 50 highlighting the need of applying measures to control the rate at which genetic variability is lost. This work was supported by the European Commission Horizon 2020 (H2020) Framework Programme through grant agreement no 727315 MedAID project (Mediterranean Aquaculture Integrated Development) and by MCIN/ AEI /10.13039/501100011033 (Project PID2020-114426GB-C2). Peer reviewed 13 Pág.

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    Aquaculture Reports
    Article . 2022
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      Aquaculture Reports
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    Authors: Geert Jan Van Oldenborgh; Michael F. Wehner; Robert Vautard; Friederike E. L. Otto; +5 Authors

    It sounds straightforward. As the Earth warms due to the increased concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, global temperatures rise and so heatwaves become warmer as well. This means that a fixed temperature threshold is passed more often: the probability of extreme heat increases. However, land use changes, vegetation change, irrigation, air pollution, and other changes also drive local and regional trends in heatwaves. Sometimes they enhance heatwave intensity, but they can also counteract the effects of climate change, and in some regions, the mechanisms that impact on trends in heatwaves have not yet been fully identified. Climate models simulate heatwaves and the increased intensity and probability of extreme heat reasonably well on large scales. However, changes in annual daily maximum temperatures do not follow global warming over some regions, including the Eastern United States and parts of Asia, reflecting the influence of local drivers as well as natural variability. Also, temperature variability is unrealistic in many models, and can fail standard quality checks. Therefore, reliable attribution and projection of change in heatwaves remain a major scientific challenge in many regions, particularly where the moisture budget is not well simulated, and where land surface changes, changes in short-lived forcers, and soil moisture interactions are important. Earth's Future, 10 (6) ISSN:2328-4277

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    Research Collection
    Article . 2022
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    Earth's Future
    Article . 2022 . Peer-reviewed
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      Earth's Future
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    Authors: Douhard, Frédéric; Doeschl‐Wilson, Andrea B.; Corbishley, Alexander; Hayward, Adam D.; +8 Authors

    Trade-offs between host resistance to parasites and host growth or reproduction can occur due to allocation of limited available resources between competing demands. To predict potential trade-offs arising from genetic selection for host resistance, a better understanding of the associated nutritional costs is required. Here, we studied resistance costs by using sheep from lines divergently selected on their resistance to a common blood-feeding gastro-intestinal parasite (Haemonchus contortus). First, we assessed the effects of selection for high or low host resistance on condition traits (body weight, back fat, and muscle thickness) and infection traits (parasite fecal egg excretion and loss in blood haematocrit) at various life stages, in particular during the periparturient period when resource allocation to immunity may limit host resistance. Second, we analysed the condition-infection relationship to detect a possible trade-off, in particular during the periparturient period. We experimentally infected young females in four stages over their first 2 years of life, including twice around parturition (at 1 year and at 2 years of age). Linear mixed-model analyses revealed a large and consistent between-line difference in infection traits during growth and outside of the periparturient period, whereas this difference was strongly attenuated during the periparturient period. Despite their different responses to infection, lines had similar body condition traits. Using covariance decomposition, we then found that the phenotypic relationship between infection and condition was dominated by direct infection costs arising from parasite development within the host. Accounting for these within-individual effects, a cost of resistance on body weight was detected among ewes during their first reproduction. Although this cost and the reproductive constraint on resistance are unlikely to represent a major concern for animal breeding in nutrient-rich environments, this study provides important new insights regarding the nutritional costs of parasite resistance at different lifestages and how these may affect response to selection. Data for this study are available at: https://figshare.com/s/5368d802985f84ef576. International audience

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    Authors: Amélie Bouchat; Nils Hutter; Jérôme Chanut; Frédéric Dupont; +14 Authors

    As the sea-ice modeling community is shifting to advanced numerical frameworks, developing new sea-ice rheologies, and increasing model spatial resolution, ubiquitous deformation features in the Arctic sea ice are now being resolved by sea-ice models. Initiated at the Forum for Arctic Modeling and Observational Synthesis, the Sea Ice Rheology Experiment (SIREx) aims at evaluating state-of-the-art sea-ice models using existing and new metrics to understand how the simulated deformation fields are affected by different representations of sea-ice physics (rheology) and by model configuration. Part 1 of the SIREx analysis is concerned with evaluation of the statistical distribution and scaling properties of sea-ice deformation fields from 35 different simulations against those from the RADARSAT Geophysical Processor System (RGPS). For the first time, the viscous-plastic (and the elastic-viscous-plastic variant), elastic-anisotropic-plastic, and Maxwell-elasto-brittle rheologies are compared in a single study. We find that both plastic and brittle sea-ice rheologies have the potential to reproduce the observed RGPS deformation statistics, including multi-fractality. Model configuration (e.g., numerical convergence, atmospheric representation, spatial resolution) and physical parameterizations (e.g., ice strength parameters and ice thickness distribution) both have effects as important as the choice of sea-ice rheology on the deformation statistics. It is therefore not straightforward to attribute model performance to a specific rheological framework using current deformation metrics. In light of these results, we further evaluate the statistical properties of simulated Linear Kinematic Features in a SIREx Part 2 companion paper. International audience

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    Journal of Geophysical Research Oceans
    Article . 2022 . Peer-reviewed
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    https://doi.org/10.7939/r3-4sv...
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      Journal of Geophysical Research Oceans
      Article . 2022 . Peer-reviewed
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      https://doi.org/10.7939/r3-4sv...
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    Authors: Hutter, Nils; Bouchat, Amélie; Dupont, Frédéric; Dukhovskoy, Dmitry; +29 Authors

    Simulating sea ice drift and deformation in the Arctic Ocean is still a challenge because of the multiscale interaction of sea ice floes that compose the Arctic Sea ice cover. The Sea Ice Rheology Experiment (SIREx) is a model intercomparison project of the Forum of Arctic Modeling and Observational Synthesis (FAMOS). In SIREx, skill metrics are designed to evaluate different recently suggested approaches for modeling linear kinematic features (LKFs) to provide guidance for modeling small‐scale deformation. These LKFs are narrow bands of localized deformation that can be observed in satellite images and also form in high resolution sea ice simulations. In this contribution, spatial and temporal properties of LKFs are assessed in 36 simulations of state‐of‐the‐art sea ice models and compared to deformation features derived from the RADARSAT Geophysical Processor System. All simulations produce LKFs, but only very few models realistically simulate at least some statistics of LKF properties such as densities, lengths, or growth rates. All SIREx models overestimate the angle of fracture between conjugate pairs of LKFs and LKF lifetimes pointing to inaccurate model physics. The temporal and spatial resolution of a simulation and the spatial resolution of atmospheric boundary condition affect simulated LKFs as much as the model's sea ice rheology and numerics. Only in very high resolution simulations (≤2 km) the concentration and thickness anomalies along LKFs are large enough to affect air‐ice‐ocean interaction processes. Plain Language Summary: Winds and ocean currents continuously move and deform the sea ice cover of the Arctic Ocean. The deformation eventually breaks an initially closed ice cover into many individual floes, piles up floes, and creates open water. The distribution of ice floes and open water between them is important for climate research, because ice reflects more light and energy back to the atmosphere than open water, so that less ice and more open water leads to warmer oceans. Current climate models cannot simulate sea ice as individual floes. Instead, a variety of methods is used to represent the movement and deformation of the sea ice cover. The Sea Ice Rheology Experiment (SIREx) compares these different methods and assesses the deformation of sea ice in 36 numerical simulations. We identify and track deformation features in the ice cover, which are distinct narrow areas where the ice is breaking or piling up. Comparing specific spatial and temporal properties of these features, for example, the different amounts of fractured ice in specific regions, or the duration of individual deformation events, to satellite observations provides information about the realism of the simulations. From this comparison, we can learn how to improve sea ice models for more realistic simulations of sea ice deformation. Key Points: All models simulate linear kinematic features (LKFs), but none accurately reproduces all LKF statistics. Resolved LKFs are affected strongest by spatial and temporal resolution of model grid and atmospheric forcing and rheology. Accurate scaling of deformation rates is a proxy only for realistic LKF numbers but not for any other LKF static. Gouvernement du Canada, Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC) http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100000038 Innovation Fund Denmark and the Horizon 2020 Framework Programme of the European Union Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001659 U.S. Department of Energy Regional and Global Model Analysis program German Helmholtz Climate Initiative REKLIM (Regional Climate Change) Environment and Climate Change Canada Grants & Contributions program Office of Naval Research Arctic and Global Prediction program National Science Foundation Arctic System Science program National centre for Climate Research, SALIENSEAS, ERA4CS https://zenodo.org/communities/sirex HYCOM NOPP DOE

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    Journal of Geophysical Research Oceans
    Article . 2022 . Peer-reviewed
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    https://doi.org/10.7939/r3-kcw...
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    Data sources: Datacite
    GEO-LEO e-docs
    Article . 2022
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      Journal of Geophysical Research Oceans
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Mujahid Elobeid; Ajit C. Pillai; Longbin Tao; David Ingram; +2 Authors

    This study investigates the implications of wave-current interaction on the dynamic responses of the W2Power semisubmersible platform for floating offshore wind turbines under operational and extreme conditions. Firstly, two analytical models based on Airy wave theory are developed to analyse the effects of current interaction with regular and irregular waves. Then, these models are integrated with the well-known engineering tool OrcaFlex for the coupled aero-hydro-servo elastic analysis. The presence of current was found to significantly modify the wave profiles and influence the static equilibrium, mooring system, and motion dynamics of the FOWT. The results reveal that the translational motion responses, such as surge and heave, are affected by wave-current interaction, with mean and maximum values decreasing under a following current and increasing under an opposing current. However, rotational motion responses are minimally affected.Wave-current interaction also notably affects maximum mooring tensions, with variations of up to 22% depending on the current direction and mooring layout. Furthermore, reductions in maximum longitudinal acceleration are observed due to such interaction. Incorporating wave-current interaction in simulations enhances our understanding of FOWT dynamics and allows for more reliable estimations of system behaviour, emphasising the importance of ensuring safe operating conditions, particularly in sites with opposing currents.

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    Ocean Engineering
    Article . 2024 . Peer-reviewed
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      Ocean Engineering
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    Authors: Metzger, Marc J; Keller, Rose; Lo, Veronica; Filyushkina, Anna; +4 Authors

    Forest biodiversity studies conduct Visions help to understand common ground and tensions among citizens and stakeholders, supporting inclusive land management and conservation solutions to the climate emergency and biodiversity crisis. With careful design and sufficient resource, it is possible to bring together communities and other stakeholders to share perspectives and deliberate desired futures, identifying more acceptable alternatives and avoiding costly delays. We evaluated researcher and participant experiences of illustration-based interviews to understand land management visions using four studies in Scotland, The Netherlands and Spain. These studies used STREAMLINE, a visual mixed-method interview format using thematic illustrated canvases designed to provide an inclusive and creative framing for participants to contemplate their desired future. Participants enjoyed the informal visual format, which reduced pressure, increased comfort through the research process, and helped their thinking and reflection about complex topics. They also valued being listened to and having the opportunity to share their views. Researchers appreciated the ability to triangulate rich qualitative data with a variety of quantitative measure through the mixed-method format and the flexibility to adapt the canvases to suit their research aims. Positive participant experience made facilitation easier and was stimulating for the researchers. The credibility and legitimacy of illustration-based interviews will ultimately depend on specific research design-decisions and testing, which can make the approach more resource intensive than conventional interviews. While organisal barriers should be considered realistically, illustration-based interviews can have high saliency by providing useful and usable insights that strengthen land management policy and planning. Inclusive Conservation Participatory planning Governance Visions Visual methods Participatory methods d across Europe use a multitude of forestry terms, often inconsistently. This hinders the comparability across studies and makes the assessment of the impacts of forest management on biodiversity highly context-dependent. Recent attempts to standardize forestry and stand description terminology mostly used a top-down approach that did not account for the perspectives and approaches of forest biodiversity experts. This work aims to establish common standards for silvicultural and vegetation definitions, creating a shared conceptual framework for a consistent study on the effects of forest management on biodiversity. We have identified both strengths and weaknesses of the silvicultural and vegetation information provided in forest biodiversity studies. While quantitative data on forest biomass and dominant tree species are frequently included, information on silvicultural activities and vegetation composition is often lacking, shallow, or based on broad and heterogeneous classifications. We discuss the existing classifications and their use in European forest biodiversity studies through a novel bottom-up and top-driven review process, and ultimately propose a common framework. This will enhance the comparability of forest biodiversity studies in Europe, and puts the basis for effective implementation and monitoring of sustainable forest management policies. The standards here proposed are potentially adaptable and applicable to other geographical areas and could be extended to other forest interventions.

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    NINA Brage
    Article . 2023
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    Landscape and Urban Planning
    Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
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      Landscape and Urban Planning
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    Authors: Scotti, Ivan; Lalagüe, Hadrien; Oddou‐Muratorio, Sylvie; Scotti‐Saintagne, Caroline; +13 Authors

    Microgeographical adaptation occurs when the effects of directional selection persist despite gene flow. Traits and genetic loci under selection can then show adaptive divergence, against the backdrop of little differentiation at other traits or loci. How common such events are and how strong the selection is that underlies them remain open questions. Here, we discovered and analysed microgeographical patterns of genomic divergence in four European and Mediterranean conifers with widely differing life-history traits and ecological requirements (Abies alba MIll., Cedrus atlantica [Endl.] Manetti, Pinus halepensis Mill. and Pinus pinaster Aiton) by screening pairs from geographically close forest stands sampled along steep ecological gradients. We inferred patterns of genomic divergence by applying a combination of divergence outlier detection methods, demographic modelling, Approximate Bayesian Computation inferences and genomic annotation to genomic data. Surprisingly for such small geographical scales, we showed that selection is strong in all species but generally affects different loci in each. A clear signature of selection was systematically detected on a fraction of the genome, of the order of 0.1%-1% of the loci depending on the species. The novel modelling method we designed for estimating selection coefficients showed that the microgeographical selection coefficient scaled by population size (Ns) was 2-30. Our results convincingly suggest that selection maintains within-population diversity at microgeographical scales in spatially heterogeneous environments. Such genetic diversity is likely to be a major reservoir of adaptive potential, helping populations to adapt under fluctuating environmental conditions. Agence Nationale de la Recherche, Grant/ Award Number: FLAG project (ANR-12- ADAP-0007-01); European Commission, Grant/Award Number: TOPWOOD project (MSCA-RISE-2014-645654- TOPWOOD) and grant agreement No. 676876 (GenTree); Ministère de l'Écologie, du Développement Durable et de l'Énergie, Grant/Award Number: GRAAL project (10-MCGOT-GICC-8-CVS-139) Peer reviewed 19 Pág.

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    Molecular Ecology
    Article . 2022 . Peer-reviewed
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    CNR ExploRA
    Article . 2023
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      Molecular Ecology
      Article . 2022 . Peer-reviewed
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      CNR ExploRA
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    Authors: Amanda T. Lombard; Jai Clifford-Holmes; Victoria Goodall; Bernadette Snow; +17 Authors

    AbstractWith a focus on oceans, we collaborated across ecological, social and legal disciplines to respond to the United Nations call for transformation in the ‘2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development’. We developed a set of 13 principles that strategically and critically connect transformative ocean research to transformative ocean governance (complementing the UN Decade for Ocean Science). We used a rigorous, iterative and transparent consensus-building approach to define the principles, which can interact in supporting, neutral or sometimes conflicting ways. We recommend that the principles could be applied as a comprehensive set and discuss how to learn from their interactions, particularly those that reveal hidden tensions. The principles can bring and keep together partnerships for innovative ocean action. This action must respond to the many calls to reform current ocean-use practices which are based on economic growth models that have perpetuated inequities and fuelled conflict and environmental decline.

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    Nature Sustainability
    Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
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    https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3....
    Preprint . 2022
    License: CC BY
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    UCL Discovery
    Article . 2023
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      https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3....
      Preprint . 2022
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      UCL Discovery
      Article . 2023
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    Authors: Horn, S.S.; Aslam, M.L.; Difford, G.F.; Tsakoniti, K.; +7 Authors

    Lipid-related traits are important candidates for a breeding goal for gilthead seabream, because they affect both fish and human health, as well as production efficiency. However, to date there have been very few estimates of genetic parameters for these traits, and the genetic relationship between fatty acids and other important traits have never been reported for gilthead seabream. Therefore, the aim of this study was to estimate genomic heritability and genetic relationships of fat deposition traits and individual muscle fatty acids in a commercial population of gilthead seabream using the novel ~30 k MedFish SNP array. In total 967 gilthead seabream fed with a commercial feed were genotyped with the MedFish SNP chip which included ~30 K informative markers for this species. On average, the fish weighed 372 g. The mean content of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) + docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) was 822 mg per 100 g fillet. The heritability of muscle fat, viscera weight and percentage viscera were in the range of 0.34–0.46. The genetic correlation of body weight with muscle fat was 0.12, indicating that genetic variation in muscle fat is largely independent of the weight of the fish. The heritability of the product of endogenous fatty acid synthesis (n = 240), palmitoleic acid (16:1n-7), was high (0.43). The estimated heritability of EPA (%) and DHA (%) was 0.39 and 0.33, respectively. Both EPA and DHA had low, non-significant genetic correlations with body weight, and DHA had a negative genetic correlation with muscle fat (− 0.53). It is possible to increase EPA and DHA content in gilthead seabream fillets by selective breeding. The high heritability of 16:1n-7, a marker of de novo lipogenesis, suggests that there is a strong genetic component to this metabolic pathway in gilthead seabream. Muscle fat deposition and body weight seem to be independent traits, and selective breeding for faster growth is not likely to influence the proportional content of EPA and DHA.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ NARCIS; Research@WURarrow_drop_down
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    NARCIS; Research@WUR
    Article . 2022
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    Aquaculture
    Article . 2022 . Peer-reviewed
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      Article . 2022
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      Aquaculture
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    Authors: Villanueva, B; Fernandez, A; Peiro-Pastor, R; Penaloza, C; +9 Authors

    Knowledge of population structure and genetic diversity within and between wild and farmed populations of gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata) and European seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax) is important to achieve sustainable aquaculture production of these species and to assess the risk of genetic impacts of fish escaped from farms. Previous population genetic studies on these species have been based on a limited number of genetic markers and samples. In this study, these features were assessed using samples from 24 seabream and 25 seabass populations distributed throughout the Mediterranean Sea, and 3 wild seabream Atlantic populations. Samples were genotyped with a newly developed combined species SNP array that includes ~60K SNPs. Data from sequencing pools of individual DNA from the same populations were also used. Different approaches were employed for identifying the extent of population stratification within species. The effective population size (a parameter inversely related to the rate at which genetic variability is lost) was estimated for each population based on linkage disequilibrium. Population structure results revealed a clear differentiation between wild and farmed populations in both species. Wild populations showed a low degree of differentiation, particularly in seabream. Despite this, a slight differentiation was observed between Atlantic and Mediterranean seabream populations and between western and eastern Mediterranean seabass populations. However, farmed populations were quite heterogeneous and showed a high degree of differentiation. Some farmed populations of both species showed a genetic makeup similar to that found in wild populations. In general, the effective population size was large (> 1000) for wild and small (< 100) for farmed populations of both species. About 40% of the seabream and 80% of the seabass farmed populations had estimates of effective population size smaller than 50 highlighting the need of applying measures to control the rate at which genetic variability is lost. This work was supported by the European Commission Horizon 2020 (H2020) Framework Programme through grant agreement no 727315 MedAID project (Mediterranean Aquaculture Integrated Development) and by MCIN/ AEI /10.13039/501100011033 (Project PID2020-114426GB-C2). Peer reviewed 13 Pág.

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    Aquaculture Reports
    Article . 2022
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      Aquaculture Reports
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    Authors: Geert Jan Van Oldenborgh; Michael F. Wehner; Robert Vautard; Friederike E. L. Otto; +5 Authors

    It sounds straightforward. As the Earth warms due to the increased concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, global temperatures rise and so heatwaves become warmer as well. This means that a fixed temperature threshold is passed more often: the probability of extreme heat increases. However, land use changes, vegetation change, irrigation, air pollution, and other changes also drive local and regional trends in heatwaves. Sometimes they enhance heatwave intensity, but they can also counteract the effects of climate change, and in some regions, the mechanisms that impact on trends in heatwaves have not yet been fully identified. Climate models simulate heatwaves and the increased intensity and probability of extreme heat reasonably well on large scales. However, changes in annual daily maximum temperatures do not follow global warming over some regions, including the Eastern United States and parts of Asia, reflecting the influence of local drivers as well as natural variability. Also, temperature variability is unrealistic in many models, and can fail standard quality checks. Therefore, reliable attribution and projection of change in heatwaves remain a major scientific challenge in many regions, particularly where the moisture budget is not well simulated, and where land surface changes, changes in short-lived forcers, and soil moisture interactions are important. Earth's Future, 10 (6) ISSN:2328-4277

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    Research Collection
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    Earth's Future
    Article . 2022 . Peer-reviewed
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      Earth's Future
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    Authors: Douhard, Frédéric; Doeschl‐Wilson, Andrea B.; Corbishley, Alexander; Hayward, Adam D.; +8 Authors

    Trade-offs between host resistance to parasites and host growth or reproduction can occur due to allocation of limited available resources between competing demands. To predict potential trade-offs arising from genetic selection for host resistance, a better understanding of the associated nutritional costs is required. Here, we studied resistance costs by using sheep from lines divergently selected on their resistance to a common blood-feeding gastro-intestinal parasite (Haemonchus contortus). First, we assessed the effects of selection for high or low host resistance on condition traits (body weight, back fat, and muscle thickness) and infection traits (parasite fecal egg excretion and loss in blood haematocrit) at various life stages, in particular during the periparturient period when resource allocation to immunity may limit host resistance. Second, we analysed the condition-infection relationship to detect a possible trade-off, in particular during the periparturient period. We experimentally infected young females in four stages over their first 2 years of life, including twice around parturition (at 1 year and at 2 years of age). Linear mixed-model analyses revealed a large and consistent between-line difference in infection traits during growth and outside of the periparturient period, whereas this difference was strongly attenuated during the periparturient period. Despite their different responses to infection, lines had similar body condition traits. Using covariance decomposition, we then found that the phenotypic relationship between infection and condition was dominated by direct infection costs arising from parasite development within the host. Accounting for these within-individual effects, a cost of resistance on body weight was detected among ewes during their first reproduction. Although this cost and the reproductive constraint on resistance are unlikely to represent a major concern for animal breeding in nutrient-rich environments, this study provides important new insights regarding the nutritional costs of parasite resistance at different lifestages and how these may affect response to selection. Data for this study are available at: https://figshare.com/s/5368d802985f84ef576. International audience

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    Evolutionary Applications
    Article . 2022
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    Authors: Amélie Bouchat; Nils Hutter; Jérôme Chanut; Frédéric Dupont; +14 Authors

    As the sea-ice modeling community is shifting to advanced numerical frameworks, developing new sea-ice rheologies, and increasing model spatial resolution, ubiquitous deformation features in the Arctic sea ice are now being resolved by sea-ice models. Initiated at the Forum for Arctic Modeling and Observational Synthesis, the Sea Ice Rheology Experiment (SIREx) aims at evaluating state-of-the-art sea-ice models using existing and new metrics to understand how the simulated deformation fields are affected by different representations of sea-ice physics (rheology) and by model configuration. Part 1 of the SIREx analysis is concerned with evaluation of the statistical distribution and scaling properties of sea-ice deformation fields from 35 different simulations against those from the RADARSAT Geophysical Processor System (RGPS). For the first time, the viscous-plastic (and the elastic-viscous-plastic variant), elastic-anisotropic-plastic, and Maxwell-elasto-brittle rheologies are compared in a single study. We find that both plastic and brittle sea-ice rheologies have the potential to reproduce the observed RGPS deformation statistics, including multi-fractality. Model configuration (e.g., numerical convergence, atmospheric representation, spatial resolution) and physical parameterizations (e.g., ice strength parameters and ice thickness distribution) both have effects as important as the choice of sea-ice rheology on the deformation statistics. It is therefore not straightforward to attribute model performance to a specific rheological framework using current deformation metrics. In light of these results, we further evaluate the statistical properties of simulated Linear Kinematic Features in a SIREx Part 2 companion paper. International audience

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    Journal of Geophysical Research Oceans
    Article . 2022 . Peer-reviewed
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    https://doi.org/10.7939/r3-4sv...
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      Journal of Geophysical Research Oceans
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      https://doi.org/10.7939/r3-4sv...
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    Authors: Hutter, Nils; Bouchat, Amélie; Dupont, Frédéric; Dukhovskoy, Dmitry; +29 Authors

    Simulating sea ice drift and deformation in the Arctic Ocean is still a challenge because of the multiscale interaction of sea ice floes that compose the Arctic Sea ice cover. The Sea Ice Rheology Experiment (SIREx) is a model intercomparison project of the Forum of Arctic Modeling and Observational Synthesis (FAMOS). In SIREx, skill metrics are designed to evaluate different recently suggested approaches for modeling linear kinematic features (LKFs) to provide guidance for modeling small‐scale deformation. These LKFs are narrow bands of localized deformation that can be observed in satellite images and also form in high resolution sea ice simulations. In this contribution, spatial and temporal properties of LKFs are assessed in 36 simulations of state‐of‐the‐art sea ice models and compared to deformation features derived from the RADARSAT Geophysical Processor System. All simulations produce LKFs, but only very few models realistically simulate at least some statistics of LKF properties such as densities, lengths, or growth rates. All SIREx models overestimate the angle of fracture between conjugate pairs of LKFs and LKF lifetimes pointing to inaccurate model physics. The temporal and spatial resolution of a simulation and the spatial resolution of atmospheric boundary condition affect simulated LKFs as much as the model's sea ice rheology and numerics. Only in very high resolution simulations (≤2 km) the concentration and thickness anomalies along LKFs are large enough to affect air‐ice‐ocean interaction processes. Plain Language Summary: Winds and ocean currents continuously move and deform the sea ice cover of the Arctic Ocean. The deformation eventually breaks an initially closed ice cover into many individual floes, piles up floes, and creates open water. The distribution of ice floes and open water between them is important for climate research, because ice reflects more light and energy back to the atmosphere than open water, so that less ice and more open water leads to warmer oceans. Current climate models cannot simulate sea ice as individual floes. Instead, a variety of methods is used to represent the movement and deformation of the sea ice cover. The Sea Ice Rheology Experiment (SIREx) compares these different methods and assesses the deformation of sea ice in 36 numerical simulations. We identify and track deformation features in the ice cover, which are distinct narrow areas where the ice is breaking or piling up. Comparing specific spatial and temporal properties of these features, for example, the different amounts of fractured ice in specific regions, or the duration of individual deformation events, to satellite observations provides information about the realism of the simulations. From this comparison, we can learn how to improve sea ice models for more realistic simulations of sea ice deformation. Key Points: All models simulate linear kinematic features (LKFs), but none accurately reproduces all LKF statistics. Resolved LKFs are affected strongest by spatial and temporal resolution of model grid and atmospheric forcing and rheology. Accurate scaling of deformation rates is a proxy only for realistic LKF numbers but not for any other LKF static. Gouvernement du Canada, Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC) http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100000038 Innovation Fund Denmark and the Horizon 2020 Framework Programme of the European Union Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001659 U.S. Department of Energy Regional and Global Model Analysis program German Helmholtz Climate Initiative REKLIM (Regional Climate Change) Environment and Climate Change Canada Grants & Contributions program Office of Naval Research Arctic and Global Prediction program National Science Foundation Arctic System Science program National centre for Climate Research, SALIENSEAS, ERA4CS https://zenodo.org/communities/sirex HYCOM NOPP DOE

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    Journal of Geophysical Research Oceans
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    GEO-LEO e-docs
    Article . 2022
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      Journal of Geophysical Research Oceans
      Article . 2022 . Peer-reviewed
      License: CC BY
      Data sources: Crossref
      https://doi.org/10.7939/r3-kcw...
      Other literature type . 2022
      Data sources: Datacite
      GEO-LEO e-docs
      Article . 2022
      Data sources: GEO-LEO e-docs
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