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Manta and devil rays (mobulids) are filter feeding elasmobranchs with extreme K-selective life histories found circumglobally from temperate to tropical waters. Their vulnerability to fisheries exploitation, bycatch, boat collisions, entanglement and unregulated tourism is exacerbated by their aggregative behavior. Studies have identified aggregation sites around the world for all nine mobulid species, with these groupings varying from a few individuals to thousands. However, the terminology used to define these aggregations and the drivers underpinning them remain unclear, hindering the development of effective management and conservation strategies. Here, we analyze aggregation behavior for mobulid species, providing consistent definitions for grouping events and summarizing the existing research on drivers and environmental factors triggering these events. We find that aggregation behaviors facilitate socializing and key life history functions in mobulids, including feeding, courtship and mating, predation avoidance, cleaning, and thermoregulation. Conservation threats and management mitigation opportunities associated with aggregations sites include fisheries, tourism, spatial protection, and climate change. Finally, we highlight knowledge gaps for future research prioritization and developments in the field for the identification of aggregation sites, the study of aggregation size and demographics and the functions and timing of aggregations.

Traditional fruit tree cultivars are an important source of agricultural biodiversity. These genotypes are well adapted to the regions where they grow, and their fruits offer distinctive features compared to the commercial cultivars that are frequently grown. We analyzed the adaptation prospects of seven sweet cherry cultivars grown in Zaragoza (Spain) to future climate conditions. We first delineated chilling and forcing phases using Partial Least Squares (PLS) regression to correlate phenology records with daily accumulations of chill and heat during the months preceding flowering. We then calculated chill requirements using three chill models (Chilling Hours, Utah and Dynamic) and forcing requirements using one heat model (Growing Degree Hours, GDH). Results indicated that the chilling and forcing requirements ranged between 26.1 and 60.2 CP (chill portions) and from 5473 to 8030 GDH, respectively. We then assessed the cultivars’ potential to adapt to a warmer future using climate projections and comparing the chill requirements with the expected chill accumulation under two global warming scenarios, RCP4.5 (effective reduction of greenhouse gas emissions) and RCP8.5 (very high greenhouse gas emissions), by two time horizons, 2050 and 2085, with temperature projections from fifteen Global Climate Models (GCM). These projections established that chill accumulation has consistently decreased over the last 30 years, but temperate trees have shown regular breaking of dormancy, bud burst and blooming. Future chill levels are expected to continue decreasing given the sustained warming trend, so there is no guarantee that sufficient winter chill will be observed in the medium to long term if the warming trend continues. For three out of the seven cultivars we analyzed, most global climate models predict medium or low risks by 2050 and 2085 under the RCP4.5 scenario. Under the RCP8.5 scenario, particularly by the end of the 21st century (i.e. 2085), four of the cultivars with high chill needs are expected to not to meet their chill requirements very often. Published

Agricultural activities are important contributors to greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in southern Chile. Three types of agricultural systems coexist within this region: traditional, conventional and agroecological. Historical changes in agricultural practices were identified from bibliographic sources and field surveys of 10 farms of each system type. A similarity analysis between systems was carried out using the survey data, which were also input to the Cool Farm Tool software to estimate GHG emissions of carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide. The main historical changes identified were: (i) replacement of organic inputs by chemical products, (ii) replacement of workforce by agricultural machinery, (iii) decrease in crop diversity and (iv) decrease in total agricultural area. A multivariate analysis showed that agroecological systems are different from the traditional and conventional systems mainly because of the land use and the amount of organic fertiliser applied. However, no significant differences were found in the GHG emissions, which on average were 2999 ± 1521, 3443 ± 2376 and 3746 ± 1837 kg CO 2-eq ha −1 year −1 (traditional, conventional and agroecological, respectively). Enteric fermentation was the main source of emissions in all agricultural systems, therefore methane was the most important GHG. Identifying the sources and practices that produce more emissions should help to improve management to reduce GHG emissions. International audience

Nature-based solutions (NBS) are increasingly being adopted to address climate change, health, and urban sustainability, yet ensuring they are effective and inclusive remains a challenge. Addressing these challenges through chapters by leading experts in both global south and north contexts, this forward-looking book advances the science of NBS in cities and discusses the frontiers for next-generation urban NBS.

Temperate trees require low temperatures during winter and subsequent warm conditions in early spring to flower and eventually bear fruit. Many parts of the Mediterranean region feature winters with low and sometimes marginal chill accumulation. To assess historic and future agroclimatic conditions for cultivating temperate trees (including almonds, pistachios, apricots, sweet cherries and apples), we mapped winter chill throughout this important growing region. We used on-site weather records (1974–2020) to calibrate a weather generator and produced data for historic and future scenarios. To broaden our analysis, we spatially interpolated chill for the whole Mediterranean basin. We supplemented our simulation outcomes by collecting expert knowledge (from farmers and researchers) regarding observed climate change impacts on temperate orchards as well as future risks and concerns generated by climate change. Results showed that northern African growing regions have experienced major chill losses, a likely cause of the irregular and delayed bloom highlighted by experts. The same regions, together with southern Europe, may lose up to 30 Chill Portions by 2050 under a moderate warming scenario. For the future, experts foresee increasing risk of spring frost in early-blooming cultivars, exacerbated bloom-related problems and increasing occurrence of heat waves. Our results provide evidence of likely climate change impacts on temperate orchards. Expert knowledge proved instrumental in interpreting the simulation results as well as in orienting climate change adaptation strategies. The results we present are useful for farmers and orchard managers planning new plantings, as well as for researchers and policy makers developing strategies to adapt fruit orchards to the impacts of climate change Open Access funding was enabled and organized by Projekt DEAL. We thank the Partnership for Research and Innovation in the Mediterranean Area (PRIMA), a program supported under H2020, the European Union’s Framework program for research and innovation, for funding this research within the AdaMedOr project (grant number 01DH20012 of the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research). We also thank national donors from the partner countries: the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (Agencia Estatal de Investigación 10.13039/501100011033) and NextGeneration EU/PRTR (grants PCI2020-111966 and PID2020-115473RR-I00 in the case of CITA; grant PCI2020-112113 in the case of CEBAS); the Ministère de l’Education Nationale, de la Formation Professionnelle, de l’Enseignement Supérieur et de la Recherche Scientifique, Département de l’Enseignement Supérieur et de la Recherche Scientifique (MENF-PESRS/DESRS- Maroc) in the case of Morocco; and the Tunisian Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research in the case of Tunisia Peer reviewed

Cross-sectorial and cross-disciplinary collaboration, as well as public-private partnerships are necessary to handle the complexity of climate adaptation. The Research Council of Norway has established the Centres for Research-based Innovation (CRI) in which research- and education organizations, public entities and private enterprises join forces in 8-year long collaborations. CRI-Klima 2050 focuses on climate adaptation of buildings and infrastructure and runs several pilot projects to innovate new solutions for building resilience, stormwater- and landslide risk management. Several of the major infrastructure owners in Norway are partners in the centre. Norway is increasingly affected by precipitation triggered landslides. Klima 2050 pilot projects on landslide risk reduction include a web-based toolbox for prioritizing and choosing optimal mitigation measures, including Nature-Based Solutions, improved early warning systems and mitigation measures for slope instability, and improved local warning for hazardous weather systems, all developed in close collaboration between centre partners from different sectors and disciplines. The results of these projects can all be upscaled and are transferable to other infrastructure elements.

Each person differs in physical characteristics such as eye color, but also in likes and dislikes. These differences are due to our genes and our environments, including what we eat. What we eat affects our health, and each of us has individual nutritional needs. This is the basis for the idea of personalized nutrition. In our research study, called the Food4Me Study, we tested whether personalized nutrition advice helped over 1,600 people to eat healthier diets. We collected information about each person, including what they ate, and we collected samples of saliva to examine their genes. We gave each person either the usual advice about healthy eating (such as “eat more vegetables”) or advice that was personalized based on the individual’s characteristics. After 6 months, we discovered that people who received personalized nutrition advice improved their diets more than people who received the typical healthy eating advice.

SUMMARYIn the last 15 yr, the use of surface waves retrieved from the cross-correlation of ambient seismic noise has significantly increased its applications to determine or monitor changes in the elastic properties of the Earth's interior. We designed a methodology for laterally constrained surface wave inversion based on a two-stage technique to estimate the 3-D distribution of the S-wave velocity (Vs). The first stage inverts traveltimes to estimate group or phase velocity dispersion maps and their inverse covariance matrix for different periods. The inverse covariance matrix is constructed explicitly using the ray tracing information. The inverse covariance matrix adds the lateral sensitivity of the maps to the structure, whereas the period-dependency provides sensitivity to the structure at depth. The second stage applies a nonlinear conjugate gradient scheme to estimate the 3-D distribution of S-wave velocity using the ensemble of velocity dispersion maps and their estimated inverse covariance matrix. We validate the methodology using a synthetic model. The results show an improved estimation of subsurface S-wave velocity structures compared to conventional point-wise inversion.