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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Dewan Alif Ovi; Tanvir Reza;

    ABSTRACT Custodial death is the most ominous indicator in our country's capture, detention, and remand. It has now become all the rage across the country. Deaths in police custody usually generate a great deal of public attention and are frequently coupled with causality disputes. Accused individuals frequently come into encounter with the criminal justice system, with those suffering from mental illnesses over-represented in police custody. As a result, identifying vulnerability is critical in order to guarantee that proper precautions may be put in place. This research is helping to show that to prevent such a curse from afflicting society, the country has some existing legislation, directions, guidelines, and precedents that are constantly derived from court decisions of other nations. The judicial system in Bangladesh is no exception. In context of this, the research examined, with the goal of emphasizing on judicial reforms, applicable legislation and their implementation, national legislative framework, and court precedents on the banning of inhumane custodial torture, including arrest, custody, and remand by police. Finding of the research particularly concentrate upon irregularities of provision to safeguarding accused right in the jail. The lack of sanitation, healthcare, standard food quality also found as errors of concern authorities. Beside these normal and natural death also counted as death in custody but not due to torture by police. The political believes and support nurture by police is also one of the key reasons to increasing torture and deaths. To solve these problems state should amend existing provision which is contradictory related to custodial torture, Increase the circumference of Human Rights Commission and give them power to investigate these properly and follow the guidelines given by courts. This research demonstrated a real-life scenario of custodial torture and critically analyzed national mechanisms that directly contradict custodial deaths and brutal punishment. {"references": ["'Police Custody Deaths In Bangladesh: An Analysis Of Legal Liability' (2022) IV Indian Journal of Law and Legal Research", "Police Custody Deaths In Bangladesh: An Analysis Of Legal Liability. (2022), IV(III), 1266-1287", "Indian Journal of Law and Legal Research, 2022. Police Custody Deaths In Bangladesh: An Analysis Of Legal Liability. IV(III), pp.1266-1287", "\"Police Custody Deaths In Bangladesh: An Analysis Of Legal Liability.\". IV, no. III, 2022, pp. 1266-1287", "\"Police Custody Deaths In Bangladesh: An Analysis Of Legal Liability\" (2022) IV(III)", "\"Police Custody Deaths In Bangladesh: An Analysis Of Legal Liability\". Indian Journal Of Law And Legal Research no. (2022): 1266-1287. doi:https://doi-ds.org/doilink/06.2022-37714716/IJLLR/V4/I3/A90.", "\"Police Custody Deaths In Bangladesh: An Analysis Of Legal Liability\", (2022) IV Indian Journal of Law and Legal Research 1266-1287."]}

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    Authors: Jimmy Narvesjö;

    Ablative fast pyrolysis (AFP) is the first step in the BioMates-concept for producing bio-based intermediates (BioMates) with reliable properties from stalk-type biomass. These intermediates are designed for co-processing within conventional refineries. The H2020-project BioMates validates the process concept (www.biomates.eu). AFP produces bio-oil to be mildly hydrotreated towards said intermediates afterwards. This document describes the validation of bio-oil production in an ablative fast pyrolysis (AFP) pilot plant (TRL5) at RISE, producing bio-oil fractions for further use in the hydrotreatment to produce BioMates. During the period reported here, bio-oil fractions from both straw and Miscanthus, in total about 1045 kg of bio-oil, separated in two to three oil fractions, have been produced.

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    Authors: Brand, Ralf; Koucky, Michael;

    Sustainable urban mobility planning (SUMP) is a strategic and integrated approach to dealing with the complexity of urban transport. One of its eight principles emphasises the importance of taking the entire functional urban area into consideration when developing and implementing such a strategic plan. What must not be forgotten, however, is that a city consists of many different neighbourhoods and this planning level is of equal importance. This SUMP topic guide highlights ways in which planning efforts at the neighbourhood level and at the city-wide level can complement one another. It is based on the experience of the CIVITAS project SUNRISE and its sister projects. The document highlights the specific advantages of planning for sustainable mobility at the neighbourhood level. The neighbourhood is where people’s everyday-life unfolds and where many mobility-related choices are anchored and determined. It is also a spatial level with certain features that can and should be utilised on the way to a more sustainable mobility system. This includes short distances that are conducive to active modes of transport, but also a shared sense of identity, detailed local knowledge and established communication channels etc. Another key advantage of working at the neighbourhood-level is the opportunity to involve residents and stakeholders intensively along all steps of the innovation chain – much more than what is typically possible in city-wide (SUMP) planning processes: The identification of problems, the development of measures, their implementation and their evaluation. The starting point of this Topic Guide is therefore the nexus between “co-creation” as a procedural approach and the neighbourhood as a spatial / social unit. However, there is usually a lack of power at the neighbourhood level, a lack of specialist expertise, of quality data, of paid staff capacity and of influence on infrastructure decisions that affect the neighbourhood. All of this means that efforts at the neighbourhood-level should be “joined-up” with efforts at the city-wide level. It also means that if a city’s high-level mobility planning ignores the reality in its many neighbourhoods, it runs the risk of “structural arrogance” and/or ignorance and simply of limited effectiveness. In other words, if mobility does not “work” in the various neighbourhoods it is unlikely to work in the city as a whole. Therefore, neighbourhood-based and city-wide planning must be aligned. The Topic Guide highlights situations where this alignment makes most sense and how such an alignment can be achieved. If well coordinated, SUMP activities can support actions at the neighbourhood level in various ways and ensure that decentral efforts are compatible with city-wide goals and measures. Vice versa, initiatives for sustainable mobility in a neighbourhood can be the spearhead of certain measures that are supposed to be implemented in the entire city. This document corresponds to Deliverable D3.6 of the Horizon 2020 project SUNRISE. See https://civitas-sunrise.eu/resources/publications

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    My First article revealed about Fifth Force or New Force discovered by Fermi-Lab or LHC etc. other than Strong, Weak, Electromagnetic & Gravitational force published in the Journal of Calcutta Mathematical Society, Salt Lake, Kolkata, West Bengal, India who received this article on 2007 but published on 2011.

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    We study an important fact called Mind & Sense Datum (matter based). Considering these emerges by the photoelectric effects conducted by the photon-like energy packets “narayan” including photons or quanta of ordinary light through electromagnetic interactions of the matter nuclei weak energy forces of SU(2) in the respective framework of SU(2) ´ U(1), also interacted with bio-molecular particles constructed by the various combinations of lepton-like but quark-type [assuming six set of quark-types each set having five different quark-type] of exotic matter fluids in wave status are tightly binding by the bosons of SU(6) combining with quarks of usual matter energy in brain neuron microtubules for the case of human or any other suitable places of brain-likes of lives. We then found several new unknown Particles-Likes “bhadras” with a new kind of strong forces those are combining with quarks of ordinary matter particles formed Bio-Molecules through chemical bonding of matter atoms or polymers etc. are internally linked through photoelectric-like current for exchanging the necessary information between all parts of the body-system. Hence created a living-body-system of the whole system link through laser-like beam of new energies etc. inclinable to the photo-electrodes-like tube in brain cell for the case of Human-likes and then created holography mind with gradually unfolding sense datum. Thus human brain conceived as an interfacing organ that not only produces mind through consciousness but also received instructional information. Considering there possible variable wave frequencies packets of light constructed by photon-like [made up from neutrinos-like of the new energies SU(6), SU(12), SU(24) etc.] quanta in wave status "narayan" within our Physical Universe produce consciousness of us then by photoelectric effects created mind with sense datum.

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    There may be created electromagnetic force-fields with several short wave-lengths of “Invisible Rays” together with “Fluxes of Rays” or “Packets of New Energy” by the energy groups of SU(6), SU(12), SU(24),...,etc. simultaneously in their respective framework of “SU(6) × U(1); SU (12) × U(1); SU(24) × U(1)”; ......etc. with strengthen current and may also new unknown bosons of SU(6) are tightly binding by the lepton-likes were formed a large number of “New Unknown Particle-Likes” in wave status which are directly or indirectly linked to the formation of matter elements constituted by quarks for the existences of Life, Consciousness, Sense Datum and all other Biological Phenomena etc. and are given many more answers to the unsolvable questions about the mysterious universe regarding variety of lives etc. Thus we found a new world of primary atoms or elements in the wave status of energies maintain the theory of Quantum-Entanglement of Wave-Wave duality other than the existing secondary material worlds and hence opened a “Pandora Box” for our future generations. These new unknown Atomic-Worlds and Energy Packages with various short wave lengths creates consciousness etc. are now essential for the discussion. Consciousness Studies

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    Open Science Framework; OpenAIRE
    Other literature type . Article . 2020 . 2022
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    Authors: Oscar van Vliet; Susanne Hanger-Kopp; Alexandros Nikas; Eise Spijker; +3 Authors

    Identifying the risks that could impact a low-carbon transition is a prerequisite to assessing and managing these risks. We systematically characterise risks associated with decarbonisation pathways in fifteen case studies conducted in twelve countries around the world. We find that stakeholders from business, government, NGOs, and others supplied some 40 % of these risk inputs, significantly widening the scope of risks considered by academics and experts. Overall, experts and academics consider more economic risks and assess these with quantitative methods and models, while other stakeholders consider political risks more. To avoid losing sight of risks that cannot be easily quantified and modelled, including some economic risks, impact assessment modelling should be complemented with qualitative research and active stakeholder engagement. A systematic risk elicitation facilitates communication with stakeholders, enables better risk mitigation, and increases the chance of a sustainable transition. Environmental Innovation and Societal Transitions, 35 ISSN:2210-4224

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    Article . 2020
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    ETH Zürich Research Collection
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      Research Collection
      Article . 2020
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      ETH Zürich Research Collection
      Article . 2020
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    Authors: Loredana Dumitrașcu; Anca Ioana Nicolau; Corina Neagu; Pierrine Didier; +10 Authors

    A transdisciplinary observational study, coupled with a web-based survey, was conducted to investigate refrigerated storage of food, in five European countries. The investigated consumer groups in this study were: young families with small children and/or pregnant women, elderly people, persons with an immunodeficient system, and young single men. The refrigerator temperature was monitored for approximately two weeks using a temperature data logger. Variables such as country, income, age of refrigerators, education, living area, refrigerator loading practices had no significant effect (p > 0.05) on the overall average fridge temperature, whereas consumers' practices showed a significant influence (p < 0.05) on registered temperature values. Compared to temperatures inside the fridges belonging to young families and young single men group, the temperatures inside refrigerators belonging to elderly was in the temperature danger zone (5–63 °C). The lowest temperatures were recorded in UK consumers’ refrigerators, whereas the highest were in French households. Presence of Listeria monocytogenes was confirmed in three refrigerators out of 53 sampled (two in Romania and one in Portugal). The most vulnerable category to food safety risks is represented by elderly persons with low education, unaware of safe refrigeration practices and the actual temperature their fridges are running. This research was supported by the Horizon 2020 project SafeConsume (Grant Agreement No. 727580).

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    Article . 2020
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    Authors: Ignatieva, Maria; Haase, Dagmar; Dushkova, Diana; Haase, Annegret;

    This opinion paper discusses urban lawns, the most common part of open green spaces and urban green infrastructures. It highlights both the ecosystem services and also disservices provided by urban lawns based on the authors’ experience of working within interdisciplinary research projects on lawns in different cities of Europe (Germany, Sweden and Russia), New Zealand (Christchurch), USA (Syracuse, NY) and Australia (Perth). It complements this experience with a detailed literature review based on the most recent studies of different biophysical, social, planning and design aspects of lawns. We also used an international workshop as an important part of the research methodology. We argue that although lawns of Europe and the United States of America are now relatively well studied, other parts of the world still underestimate the importance of researching lawns as a complex ecological and social phenomenon. One of the core objectives of this paper is to share a paradigm of nature-based solutions in the context of lawns, which can be an important step towards finding resilient sustainable alternatives for urban green spaces in the time of growing urbanisation, increased urban land use competition, various user demands and related societal challenges of the urban environment. We hypothesise that these solutions may be found in urban ecosystems and various local native plant communities that are rich in species and able to withstand harsh conditions such as heavy trampling and droughts. To support the theoretical hypothesis of the relevance of nature-based solutions for lawns we also suggest and discuss the concept of two natures—different approaches to the vision of urban nature, including the understanding and appreciation of lawns. This will help to increase the awareness of existing local ecological approaches as well as an importance of introducing innovative landscape architecture practices. This article suggests that there is a potential for future transdisciplinary international research that might aid our understanding of lawns in different climatic and socio-cultural conditions as well as develop locally adapted (to environmental conditions, social needs and management policies) and accepted nature-based solutions. Suggested citation: Ignatieva, M., Haase, D., Dushkova, D. and Haase, A. (2020) Lawns in cities: from a globalised urban green space phenomenon to sustainable nature-based solutions. Land, 9(3).

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    Other literature type . Article . 2020 . Peer-reviewed
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    Article . 2020
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      Other literature type . Article . 2020 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Jochen Froebrich; Eva Ludi; Sami Bouarfa; Dominique Rollin; +47 Authors

    Boosting the productivity of smallholder farming systems continues to be a major need in Africa. Challenges relating to how to improve irrigation are multi‐factor and multisectoral, and they involve a broad range of actors who must interact to reach decisions collectively. We provide a systematic reflection on findings from the research project EAU4Food, which adopted a transdisciplinary approach to irrigation for food security research in five case studies in Ethiopia, Mali, Mozambique, South Africa and Tunisia. The EAU4Food experiences emphasize that actual innovation at irrigated smallholder farm level remains limited without sufficient improvement of the enabling environment and taking note of the wider political economy environment. Most project partners felt at the end of the project that the transdisciplinary approach has indeed enriched the research process by providing different and multiple insights from actors outside the academic field. Local capacity to facilitate transdisciplinary research and engagement with practitioners was developed and could support the continuation and scaling up of the approach. Future projects may benefit from a longer time frame to allow for deeper exchange of lessons learned among different stakeholders and a dedicated effort to analyse possible improvements of the enabling environment from the beginning of the research process. © 2020 The Authors. Irrigation and Drainage published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of International Commission for Irrigation and Drainage International audience SI

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    Article . 2020
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      Article . 2020
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    Authors: Dewan Alif Ovi; Tanvir Reza;

    ABSTRACT Custodial death is the most ominous indicator in our country's capture, detention, and remand. It has now become all the rage across the country. Deaths in police custody usually generate a great deal of public attention and are frequently coupled with causality disputes. Accused individuals frequently come into encounter with the criminal justice system, with those suffering from mental illnesses over-represented in police custody. As a result, identifying vulnerability is critical in order to guarantee that proper precautions may be put in place. This research is helping to show that to prevent such a curse from afflicting society, the country has some existing legislation, directions, guidelines, and precedents that are constantly derived from court decisions of other nations. The judicial system in Bangladesh is no exception. In context of this, the research examined, with the goal of emphasizing on judicial reforms, applicable legislation and their implementation, national legislative framework, and court precedents on the banning of inhumane custodial torture, including arrest, custody, and remand by police. Finding of the research particularly concentrate upon irregularities of provision to safeguarding accused right in the jail. The lack of sanitation, healthcare, standard food quality also found as errors of concern authorities. Beside these normal and natural death also counted as death in custody but not due to torture by police. The political believes and support nurture by police is also one of the key reasons to increasing torture and deaths. To solve these problems state should amend existing provision which is contradictory related to custodial torture, Increase the circumference of Human Rights Commission and give them power to investigate these properly and follow the guidelines given by courts. This research demonstrated a real-life scenario of custodial torture and critically analyzed national mechanisms that directly contradict custodial deaths and brutal punishment. {"references": ["'Police Custody Deaths In Bangladesh: An Analysis Of Legal Liability' (2022) IV Indian Journal of Law and Legal Research", "Police Custody Deaths In Bangladesh: An Analysis Of Legal Liability. (2022), IV(III), 1266-1287", "Indian Journal of Law and Legal Research, 2022. Police Custody Deaths In Bangladesh: An Analysis Of Legal Liability. IV(III), pp.1266-1287", "\"Police Custody Deaths In Bangladesh: An Analysis Of Legal Liability.\". IV, no. III, 2022, pp. 1266-1287", "\"Police Custody Deaths In Bangladesh: An Analysis Of Legal Liability\" (2022) IV(III)", "\"Police Custody Deaths In Bangladesh: An Analysis Of Legal Liability\". Indian Journal Of Law And Legal Research no. (2022): 1266-1287. doi:https://doi-ds.org/doilink/06.2022-37714716/IJLLR/V4/I3/A90.", "\"Police Custody Deaths In Bangladesh: An Analysis Of Legal Liability\", (2022) IV Indian Journal of Law and Legal Research 1266-1287."]}

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    Authors: Jimmy Narvesjö;

    Ablative fast pyrolysis (AFP) is the first step in the BioMates-concept for producing bio-based intermediates (BioMates) with reliable properties from stalk-type biomass. These intermediates are designed for co-processing within conventional refineries. The H2020-project BioMates validates the process concept (www.biomates.eu). AFP produces bio-oil to be mildly hydrotreated towards said intermediates afterwards. This document describes the validation of bio-oil production in an ablative fast pyrolysis (AFP) pilot plant (TRL5) at RISE, producing bio-oil fractions for further use in the hydrotreatment to produce BioMates. During the period reported here, bio-oil fractions from both straw and Miscanthus, in total about 1045 kg of bio-oil, separated in two to three oil fractions, have been produced.

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    Authors: Brand, Ralf; Koucky, Michael;

    Sustainable urban mobility planning (SUMP) is a strategic and integrated approach to dealing with the complexity of urban transport. One of its eight principles emphasises the importance of taking the entire functional urban area into consideration when developing and implementing such a strategic plan. What must not be forgotten, however, is that a city consists of many different neighbourhoods and this planning level is of equal importance. This SUMP topic guide highlights ways in which planning efforts at the neighbourhood level and at the city-wide level can complement one another. It is based on the experience of the CIVITAS project SUNRISE and its sister projects. The document highlights the specific advantages of planning for sustainable mobility at the neighbourhood level. The neighbourhood is where people’s everyday-life unfolds and where many mobility-related choices are anchored and determined. It is also a spatial level with certain features that can and should be utilised on the way to a more sustainable mobility system. This includes short distances that are conducive to active modes of transport, but also a shared sense of identity, detailed local knowledge and established communication channels etc. Another key advantage of working at the neighbourhood-level is the opportunity to involve residents and stakeholders intensively along all steps of the innovation chain – much more than what is typically possible in city-wide (SUMP) planning processes: The identification of problems, the development of measures, their implementation and their evaluation. The starting point of this Topic Guide is therefore the nexus between “co-creation” as a procedural approach and the neighbourhood as a spatial / social unit. However, there is usually a lack of power at the neighbourhood level, a lack of specialist expertise, of quality data, of paid staff capacity and of influence on infrastructure decisions that affect the neighbourhood. All of this means that efforts at the neighbourhood-level should be “joined-up” with efforts at the city-wide level. It also means that if a city’s high-level mobility planning ignores the reality in its many neighbourhoods, it runs the risk of “structural arrogance” and/or ignorance and simply of limited effectiveness. In other words, if mobility does not “work” in the various neighbourhoods it is unlikely to work in the city as a whole. Therefore, neighbourhood-based and city-wide planning must be aligned. The Topic Guide highlights situations where this alignment makes most sense and how such an alignment can be achieved. If well coordinated, SUMP activities can support actions at the neighbourhood level in various ways and ensure that decentral efforts are compatible with city-wide goals and measures. Vice versa, initiatives for sustainable mobility in a neighbourhood can be the spearhead of certain measures that are supposed to be implemented in the entire city. This document corresponds to Deliverable D3.6 of the Horizon 2020 project SUNRISE. See https://civitas-sunrise.eu/resources/publications

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    My First article revealed about Fifth Force or New Force discovered by Fermi-Lab or LHC etc. other than Strong, Weak, Electromagnetic & Gravitational force published in the Journal of Calcutta Mathematical Society, Salt Lake, Kolkata, West Bengal, India who received this article on 2007 but published on 2011.

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    We study an important fact called Mind & Sense Datum (matter based). Considering these emerges by the photoelectric effects conducted by the photon-like energy packets “narayan” including photons or quanta of ordinary light through electromagnetic interactions of the matter nuclei weak energy forces of SU(2) in the respective framework of SU(2) ´ U(1), also interacted with bio-molecular particles constructed by the various combinations of lepton-like but quark-type [assuming six set of quark-types each set having five different quark-type] of exotic matter fluids in wave status are tightly binding by the bosons of SU(6) combining with quarks of usual matter energy in brain neuron microtubules for the case of human or any other suitable places of brain-likes of lives. We then found several new unknown Particles-Likes “bhadras” with a new kind of strong forces those are combining with quarks of ordinary matter particles formed Bio-Molecules through chemical bonding of matter atoms or polymers etc. are internally linked through photoelectric-like current for exchanging the necessary information between all parts of the body-system. Hence created a living-body-system of the whole system link through laser-like beam of new energies etc. inclinable to the photo-electrodes-like tube in brain cell for the case of Human-likes and then created holography mind with gradually unfolding sense datum. Thus human brain conceived as an interfacing organ that not only produces mind through consciousness but also received instructional information. Considering there possible variable wave frequencies packets of light constructed by photon-like [made up from neutrinos-like of the new energies SU(6), SU(12), SU(24) etc.] quanta in wave status "narayan" within our Physical Universe produce consciousness of us then by photoelectric effects created mind with sense datum.

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    Article . 2021
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      Article . 2021
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    There may be created electromagnetic force-fields with several short wave-lengths of “Invisible Rays” together with “Fluxes of Rays” or “Packets of New Energy” by the energy groups of SU(6), SU(12), SU(24),...,etc. simultaneously in their respective framework of “SU(6) × U(1); SU (12) × U(1); SU(24) × U(1)”; ......etc. with strengthen current and may also new unknown bosons of SU(6) are tightly binding by the lepton-likes were formed a large number of “New Unknown Particle-Likes” in wave status which are directly or indirectly linked to the formation of matter elements constituted by quarks for the existences of Life, Consciousness, Sense Datum and all other Biological Phenomena etc. and are given many more answers to the unsolvable questions about the mysterious universe regarding variety of lives etc. Thus we found a new world of primary atoms or elements in the wave status of energies maintain the theory of Quantum-Entanglement of Wave-Wave duality other than the existing secondary material worlds and hence opened a “Pandora Box” for our future generations. These new unknown Atomic-Worlds and Energy Packages with various short wave lengths creates consciousness etc. are now essential for the discussion. Consciousness Studies

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    ZENODO
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    Open Science Framework; OpenAIRE
    Other literature type . Article . 2020 . 2022
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      Open Science Framework; OpenAIRE
      Other literature type . Article . 2020 . 2022
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    Authors: Oscar van Vliet; Susanne Hanger-Kopp; Alexandros Nikas; Eise Spijker; +3 Authors

    Identifying the risks that could impact a low-carbon transition is a prerequisite to assessing and managing these risks. We systematically characterise risks associated with decarbonisation pathways in fifteen case studies conducted in twelve countries around the world. We find that stakeholders from business, government, NGOs, and others supplied some 40 % of these risk inputs, significantly widening the scope of risks considered by academics and experts. Overall, experts and academics consider more economic risks and assess these with quantitative methods and models, while other stakeholders consider political risks more. To avoid losing sight of risks that cannot be easily quantified and modelled, including some economic risks, impact assessment modelling should be complemented with qualitative research and active stakeholder engagement. A systematic risk elicitation facilitates communication with stakeholders, enables better risk mitigation, and increases the chance of a sustainable transition. Environmental Innovation and Societal Transitions, 35 ISSN:2210-4224

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    Article . 2020
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    ETH Zürich Research Collection
    Article . 2020
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      ETH Zürich Research Collection
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    Authors: Loredana Dumitrașcu; Anca Ioana Nicolau; Corina Neagu; Pierrine Didier; +10 Authors

    A transdisciplinary observational study, coupled with a web-based survey, was conducted to investigate refrigerated storage of food, in five European countries. The investigated consumer groups in this study were: young families with small children and/or pregnant women, elderly people, persons with an immunodeficient system, and young single men. The refrigerator temperature was monitored for approximately two weeks using a temperature data logger. Variables such as country, income, age of refrigerators, education, living area, refrigerator loading practices had no significant effect (p > 0.05) on the overall average fridge temperature, whereas consumers' practices showed a significant influence (p < 0.05) on registered temperature values. Compared to temperatures inside the fridges belonging to young families and young single men group, the temperatures inside refrigerators belonging to elderly was in the temperature danger zone (5–63 °C). The lowest temperatures were recorded in UK consumers’ refrigerators, whereas the highest were in French households. Presence of Listeria monocytogenes was confirmed in three refrigerators out of 53 sampled (two in Romania and one in Portugal). The most vulnerable category to food safety risks is represented by elderly persons with low education, unaware of safe refrigeration practices and the actual temperature their fridges are running. This research was supported by the Horizon 2020 project SafeConsume (Grant Agreement No. 727580).

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    Article . 2020
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    Authors: Ignatieva, Maria; Haase, Dagmar; Dushkova, Diana; Haase, Annegret;

    This opinion paper discusses urban lawns, the most common part of open green spaces and urban green infrastructures. It highlights both the ecosystem services and also disservices provided by urban lawns based on the authors’ experience of working within interdisciplinary research projects on lawns in different cities of Europe (Germany, Sweden and Russia), New Zealand (Christchurch), USA (Syracuse, NY) and Australia (Perth). It complements this experience with a detailed literature review based on the most recent studies of different biophysical, social, planning and design aspects of lawns. We also used an international workshop as an important part of the research methodology. We argue that although lawns of Europe and the United States of America are now relatively well studied, other parts of the world still underestimate the importance of researching lawns as a complex ecological and social phenomenon. One of the core objectives of this paper is to share a paradigm of nature-based solutions in the context of lawns, which can be an important step towards finding resilient sustainable alternatives for urban green spaces in the time of growing urbanisation, increased urban land use competition, various user demands and related societal challenges of the urban environment. We hypothesise that these solutions may be found in urban ecosystems and various local native plant communities that are rich in species and able to withstand harsh conditions such as heavy trampling and droughts. To support the theoretical hypothesis of the relevance of nature-based solutions for lawns we also suggest and discuss the concept of two natures—different approaches to the vision of urban nature, including the understanding and appreciation of lawns. This will help to increase the awareness of existing local ecological approaches as well as an importance of introducing innovative landscape architecture practices. This article suggests that there is a potential for future transdisciplinary international research that might aid our understanding of lawns in different climatic and socio-cultural conditions as well as develop locally adapted (to environmental conditions, social needs and management policies) and accepted nature-based solutions. Suggested citation: Ignatieva, M., Haase, D., Dushkova, D. and Haase, A. (2020) Lawns in cities: from a globalised urban green space phenomenon to sustainable nature-based solutions. Land, 9(3).

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    Other literature type . Article . 2020 . Peer-reviewed
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      Other literature type . Article . 2020 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Jochen Froebrich; Eva Ludi; Sami Bouarfa; Dominique Rollin; +47 Authors

    Boosting the productivity of smallholder farming systems continues to be a major need in Africa. Challenges relating to how to improve irrigation are multi‐factor and multisectoral, and they involve a broad range of actors who must interact to reach decisions collectively. We provide a systematic reflection on findings from the research project EAU4Food, which adopted a transdisciplinary approach to irrigation for food security research in five case studies in Ethiopia, Mali, Mozambique, South Africa and Tunisia. The EAU4Food experiences emphasize that actual innovation at irrigated smallholder farm level remains limited without sufficient improvement of the enabling environment and taking note of the wider political economy environment. Most project partners felt at the end of the project that the transdisciplinary approach has indeed enriched the research process by providing different and multiple insights from actors outside the academic field. Local capacity to facilitate transdisciplinary research and engagement with practitioners was developed and could support the continuation and scaling up of the approach. Future projects may benefit from a longer time frame to allow for deeper exchange of lessons learned among different stakeholders and a dedicated effort to analyse possible improvements of the enabling environment from the beginning of the research process. © 2020 The Authors. Irrigation and Drainage published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of International Commission for Irrigation and Drainage International audience SI

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    Article . 2020
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    Irrigation and Drainage
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    Article . 2020
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      Article . 2020
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      Irrigation and Drainage
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      Article . 2020
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