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International audience; PATHWAY-27 will evaluate the effectiveness of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) alone or in combination with two other bioactives, beta-glucan (BG) and anthocyanins (AC) in reducing some risk factors of Metabolic Syndrome MS. These compounds will be used as ingredients of bioactive-enriched foods (BEF), enriching 3 different widely-consumed food matrices (dairy-, bakery-, egg products) and not as pure compounds. This will allow a better understanding of possible synergisms and bioactive-matrix interactions. BEFs to be tested in clinical studies have been designed, selected and produced by different Pathway’ partners. The aim of this multi-centre, randomized, double- blind, parallel pilot study is to identify the BEF achieving the greatest effect on lipid parameters (reduction in serum triglycerides or increase in HDL-C). The selected BEF will then be tested in a subsequent, larger interventional study. Three different matrices containing DHA, BG and AC given alone or of DHA associated with BG or AC will be tested. 300 men and women at risk for MS will be investigated (either one or two of the following criteria should be met: elevated waist circumference, elevated fasting trigycerides, reduced fasting HDL-C, elevated blood pressure or hypotensive treatment or elevated fasting glucose). MRI, ULE, CRNH will investigate BEFs based on either bakery, dairy or egg products, representing a different food matrix. Each pilot study will be conducted on 100 volunteers for a period of 4 weeks. Participants will be divided in 5 groups receiving BEF enriched with DHA, BG, or AC alone or DHA+BG, or DHA+AC. At baseline and after 4 weeks of intervention, fasting blood samples will be collected for further analysis. Additionally, blood pressure and anthropometric data will be determined. The 3 most effective BEF (one for each matrix) having the most significant impact on end-points selected for this study will be used in a larger randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. The aim will be to understand the mechanisms underlying the effects observed on primary and secondary endpoints related to the consumption of BEF. Omics approaches will be used to examine metabolic changes and potentially identify new markers of effects.

International audience

International audience

Correction(fichier annexe) : The genetics of overwintering performance in two-year old common carp and its relation to performance until market size (vol 13, e0191624, 2018); Using farmed common carp, we investigated the genetic background of the second year overwintering performance and its relation to the performance during the third growing season and at market size. The experimental stock was established by partial factorial design with a series of 4 factorial matings of 5 dams and 10 sires each. The families were reared communally and pedigree was re-constructed with 93.6% success using 12 microsatellites on 2008 offspring. Three successive recordings (second autumn, third spring, and third autumn—market size) covering two periods (second overwintering, third growing season) were included. Body weight, Fulton’s condition factor and percent muscle fat content were recorded at all times and headless carcass yield and fillet yield were recorded at market size. Specific growth rate, absolute and relative fat change and overall survival were calculated for each period. Heritability estimates were significantly different from zero and almost all traits were moderately to highly heritable (h2 = 0.36–1.00), except survival in both periods and fat change (both patterns) during overwintering (h2 = 0.12–0.15). Genetic and phenotypic correlations imply that selection against weight loss and fat loss during overwintering is expected to lead to a better winter survival, together with a positive effect on growth in the third growing season. Interestingly, higher muscle fat content was genetically correlated to lower survival in the following period (rg = -0.59; -0.53, respectively for winter and the third summer). On the other hand, higher muscle fat was also genetically linked to better slaughter yields. Moreover, selection for higher condition factor would lead to better performance during winter, growing season and at market size.

International audience

International audience; Natural disturbances significantly influence forest ecosystem services and biodiversity. Accurate delineation and early detection of areas affected by wind and insect outbreaks are crucial for guiding management decisions. To this end, past studies relied mostly on passive sensors (e.g., optical), and active sensors (i.e., radar) were rarely used. This study used L-band space-borne synthetic aperture radar (SAR) within a change-detection framework to delineate forested areas affected by wind and insect disturbances. The results showed that changes in backscatter relate to damage caused by wind and insect outbreaks. Overall accuracies of 69-84% and 65-88% were obtained for delineation of areas affected by wind damage and insect outbreaks, respectively, depending on the acquisition date and environmental conditions. Areas susceptible to insect outbreaks or experiencing the initial outbreak phase (green) were detected with lower accuracies (64-74%). It is expected that L-band space-borne SAR data can be applied over larger areas and ecosystem types in the temperate and boreal regions to delineate and detect damaged areas.

In Europe, many potential and confirmed vectors of Xylella fastidiosa (Xf) are polyphagous but appear to aggregate on their preferred host plants at local scales. For example, Philaenus spumarius is found most often on Asteraceae on the Californian coast, or on Apiaceae and Rubiaceae in the meadows of central Italy. However, vectors keep the ability to exploit multiple host-plants, which can be crucial in primary Xf transmission to crops. In this study, we assessed the habitat preferences of spittlebugs on and in the vicinity of Corsican clementine and olive groves, focusing on four habitats: Cistus monspeliensis border, Dittrichia viscosa cover, crop foliage and grove ground vegetation. Spittlebug abundance was assessed three times a year during two years on five to nine clementine and olive organic groves. Nymph and adult abundances were quantified based on spittle mass counts and nymph identification in April and sweep net sampling in June and October. Habitat preferences were inferred based on generalized linear mixed models. Overall, 6647 spittle masses and 1714 adults belonging to four species were found. Philaenus spumarius had a significant preference for Cistus monspeliensis, and to a lesser extent for Dittrichia viscosa. Neophilaenus campestris mostly occurred on ground vegetation of the grove and on Dittrichia viscosa. Lepyronia coleoptrata was less abundant on crop foliage than on ground vegetation and Aphrophora alni showed an even abundance in all habitats. This study demonstrates the specialization of P. spumarius on C. monspeliensis in the diversified Corsican landscape as well as strong habitat preferences for N. campestris. All recorded species were able to colonize clementine or olive foliage, but rarely, and in similar abundancies for all species. Should they be proven equivalent effective vectors, this suggests similar roles of these four species in Xf transmission to crops. FR; PPT; xavier.mesmin@inrae.fr

International audience; The cryptophyte Teleaulax amphioxeia is a source of plastids for the ciliate Mesodinium rubrum and both organisms are members of the trophic chain of several species of Dinophysis. It is important to better understand the ecology of organisms at the first trophic levels before assessing the impact of principal factors of global change on Dinophysis spp.. Therefore, combined effects of temperature, irradiance and pH on growth rate, photosynthetic activity and pigment content of a temperate strain of T. amphioxeia were studied using a full factorial design (central composite design 23*) in 17 individually controlled bioreactors. The derived model predicted an optimal growth rate of T. amphioxeia at a light intensity of 400 µmol photons · m-2 · s-1, more acidic pH (7.6) than the current average and a temperature of 17.6 °C. An interaction between temperature and irradiance on growth was also found, while pH did not have any significant effect. Subsequently, to investigate potential impacts of prey quality and quantity on the physiology of the predator, M. rubrum was fed two separate prey: predator ratios with cultures of T. amphioxeia previously acclimated at two different light intensities (100 and 400 µmol photons · m-2 · s-1). M. rubrum growth appeared to be significantly dependant on prey quantity while effect of prey quality was not observed. This multi-parametric study indicated a high potential for a significant increase of T. amphioxeia in future climate conditions but to what extent this would lead to increased occurrences of Mesodinium spp. and Dinophysis spp. should be further investigated.

This article presents numerical simulation results obtained in the context of the H2020 European research project SMS, “Smart Morphing and Sensing for Aeronautical configurations” by using among other, hybrid RANS-LES methods, able to accompany the design of the wings of the future. The morphing concepts studied are partly bio-inspired and are able to act in multiple time and length scales. They are proven efficient for the increase of the aerodynamic performances of A320 wings in reduced scale and near scale one, in synergy with the prototypes built within this project. The simulations have shown the ability of novel electroactive actuators performing slight deformation of the trailing edge region and optimal vibrations, to create suitable vortex breakdown of specific coherent structures and to enhance beneficial vortices, leading to thinning of the shear layers and the wake’s width. The simulations quantified the optimal actuation ranges and the gains in lift increase, drag reduction and simultaneous attenuation of the noise sources past the trailing edge.

Childhood obesity may be responsible for a major alteration of life quality in children and in future adults. The causes of obesity are multiple and obesity results from a chronic imbalance between food intake and energy expenditure. The challenge is to understand the cause of this imbalance. In this context, this study aimed at evaluating the contribution of the attraction toward salty, sweet and fatty foods. Thus, the first aim of this study was to establish a tool to assess children’s attraction toward sweet, salty and fatty foods that could be used later in large-scale cohorts. The second objective was to compare this questionnaire to sensory tests measuring the overall liking for sweet, salt and fat applied to the same subjects. Both tools have been initially developed in adults and were then adapted to the child population (age 7-10 y). The third objective was to compare results between children and adults.The initial questionnaire was revised by replacing some foods not adapted for children by others, and by adding pictures of foods and detailed instructions. The questionnaire included 83 items (sweet, 21; salt, 11; fat-sweet, 20; fat-salt, 31) scattered into: liking towards foods, preferred level of seasoning, preferred drinks in a menu and behavior-related questions. The sensory test included 14 sets of food models (sweet, 4; salt, 4; fat, 6), each with each featuring 5 grading levels of sweetness, saltiness or fattiness. Within each set, the samples were tasted in a random order and rated on a hedonic scale. The study included 123 children. The sensory test was divided in 3 sessions. Then, children filled in the questionnaire at home. For the questionnaire, scores of attraction toward sweet, salty or fatty foods were computed. For the sensory tests, an optimum level of sweetness, saltiness or fattiness was calculated for each food model and then average for each sensation.Children’s optima of liking (sensory) for sweet and salt were higher than for adults. Attraction (questionnaire) for fat and to a lesser extent for sweet was also higher for children than for adults. Scores from the questionnaire and from the sensory tests were correlated for salt (r=0.33, P=0.001) and fat (r=0.34, P=0.0005). For sweet, these two scores were only moderately correlated (r=0.21, P=0.05) compared to the scores obtained with adults. In conclusion, the questionnaire and the sensory tests help to highlight some common variance but also refer to different aspects of liking.