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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Galimany, Eve; Lucas Forcadell, Arturo; Maynou, Francesc; Solé, Montserrat; +2 Authors

    Marine bivalves are found as key components of coastal habitats and have several important roles, such as serving as a food source for human beings and aquatic organisms. In fact, as the world's population continues to grow, bivalve aquaculture is expected to increase in importance as a means of addressing demands for animal protein; however, its growth may be possibly compromised by unfavourable climatic conditions. Thus, we assessed the effects of increased water temperature and acidification on the seeds of a bivalve of commercial importance, the Manila clam, Ruditapes philippinarum, in order to understand how this species may be affected by climate change at its early life stages. We examined the expected response of clams by experimentally mimicking seasonal conditions that could be forecasted to occur at the end of the twenty-first century. Different physiological responses were measured including growth rates, clearance rate, burrowing time and different biochemical biomarkers of metabolic stress. The results showed that growth decreased in acidic experimental conditions in spring, with a weak interaction with temperature. Clearance rate was negatively affected by a lower pH in spring and summer but, under extreme summer conditions, the effect of pH was overridden by the negative impact of a higher temperature. Burrowing rates were reduced by half under warm temperature conditions in spring and summer. In contrast, biochemical biomarkers were only significantly depicted under climate change conditions in autumn. Overall, this study demonstrates the need to consider seasonality when evaluating the potential effects of climate change on clam aquaculture in order to forecast consequences for biological production This research is part of the CERES project (H2020, EU 678193). We are grateful to the staff of the Aquaria and Experimental Chambers (ZAE) of the Institute of Marine Sciences (ICM-CSIC) and the institutional support of the ‘Severo Ochoa Centre of Excellence’ accreditation (CEX2019-000928-S) 11 pages, 5 figures, 3 tables, supplementary data https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2023.739891.-- Data availability: Data will be made available on request Peer reviewed

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    Aquaculture
    Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
    License: CC BY NC
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Recolector de Cienci...arrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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      Aquaculture
      Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
      License: CC BY NC
      Data sources: Crossref
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Duncan, Emily M; Vieira, Nina; González-Irusta, José Manuel; Dominguez-Carrió, Carlos; +14 Authors

    This work contributes to the PO2020 PLASTDEEP (ACORES-01-0145-FEDER-000125) and MapGES (Acores-01-0145-FEDER-000056) research projects and to the European Union's Horizon 2020 Research and innovation programme under grant agreements No 678760 (ATLAS) and No 818123 (iAtlantic). This output reflects only the authors' views and the European Union cannot be held responsible for any use that may be made of the information contained therein. We acknowledge all projects and programs that collected images by multiple ROV, submersible and towed video surveys, including those conducted within the MapGES, Estrutura de Missão para Extensão da Plataforma Continental (EMEPC; Cruzeiro Científico EMEPC/LUSO/Açores/2009), MEDWAVES (ATLAS No 678760, with logistic and technical assistance from the UTM –CSIC– and the financial support from the Spanish Ministry of Economy, Industry and Competitivity), Blue Azores 2018 (National Geographic Pristine Seas program, Oceano Azul Foundation, and Waitt Institute), NICO 12 Expedition, Pelagia Rainbow and Terceira 2019 (cruises 64PE441, 64PE454, and 64PE456; Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research NWO for funding and Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research NIOZ for organising the Netherlands Initiative Changing Oceans NICO expedition in 2018). The EXPLOSEA2 cruise was funded by the Spanish Ministry for Science and Innovation as part of the project EXPLOSEA (grant CTM201675947-R). We deeply thank all PIs, crews and scientists that participated in all these surveys. CD-C was supported by the PO2020 projects MapGES and DeepWalls (Acores-01-0145-FEDER-000056 and Acores-01-0145-FEDER-000124) and by the FCT-IP Project UIDP/05634/2020. TM was supported by Program Investigador FCT (IF/01194/2013), and the IFCT Exploratory Project (IF/01194/2013/CP1199/CT0002) from the Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia (POPH and QREN). TM and MCS were also supported by the FCT-IP Program Stimulus of Scientific Employment (CCCIND/03345/2020 and CCCIND/03346/2020, respectively) and the H2020 programme No 689518 (MERCES) and No 818123 (iAtlantic). LR was supported by the H2020 programme No 818123 (iAtlantic) and Horizon Europe No 101059407 (MarinePlan). J.M.P. was funded by the Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia (FCT) Doctoral Grant 2021.04875.BD. CKP received support from the Operational Program Azores 2020, through the Fund 01-0145-FEDER-000140 “MarAZ Researchers: Consolidate a body of researchers in Marine Sciences in the Azores” of the European Union. We also acknowledge funds through the FCT – Foundation for Science and Technology, I.P., under the project OKEANOS UIDB/05634/2020 and through the FCT Regional Government of the Azores under the project M1.1. A/REEQ.CIENTÍFICO UI&D/2021/010. Abandoned, lost, or discarded fishing gear (ALDFG), represents a significant percentage of the global plastic pollution, currently considered one of the major sources from sea-based activities. However, there is still limited understanding of the quantities of ALDFG present on the seafloor and their impacts. In this study, data on the presence of ALDFG was obtained from a large archive of seafloor video footage (351 dives) collected by different imaging platforms in the Azores region over 15 years (2006-2020). Most ALDFG items observed in the images relate to the local bottom longline fishery operating in the region, and include longlines but also anchors, weights, cables and buoys. A generalized additive mixed model (GAMM) was used to predict the distribution and abundance of ALDFG over the seafloor within the limits of the Azores Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) using a suite of environmental and anthropogenic variables. We estimated an average of 113 ± 310 items km-2 (597 ± 756 per km-2 above 1000 m depth), which could imply that over 20 million ALDFG items are present on the deep seafloor of the Azores EEZ. The resulting model identified potential hotspots of ALDFG along the seabed, some of them located over sensitive benthic habitats, such as specific seamounts. In addition, the interactions between ALDFG and benthic organisms were also analysed. Numerous entanglements were observed with several species of large anthozoans and sponges. The use of predictive distribution modelling for ALDFG should be regarded as a useful tool to support ecosystem-based management, which can provide indirect information about fishing pressure and allow the identification of potential high-risk areas. Additional knowledge about the sources, amounts, fates and impacts of ALDFG will be key to address the global issue of plastic pollution and the effects of fishing on marine ecosystems. Peer reviewed

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ The Science of The T...arrow_drop_down
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    The Science of The Total Environment
    Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
    License: CC BY
    Data sources: Crossref
    DIGITAL.CSIC
    Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
    Data sources: DIGITAL.CSIC
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ The Science of The T...arrow_drop_down
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      The Science of The Total Environment
      Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
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      DIGITAL.CSIC
      Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Metzger, Marc J; Keller, Rose; Lo, Veronica; Filyushkina, Anna; +4 Authors

    Forest biodiversity studies conduct Visions help to understand common ground and tensions among citizens and stakeholders, supporting inclusive land management and conservation solutions to the climate emergency and biodiversity crisis. With careful design and sufficient resource, it is possible to bring together communities and other stakeholders to share perspectives and deliberate desired futures, identifying more acceptable alternatives and avoiding costly delays. We evaluated researcher and participant experiences of illustration-based interviews to understand land management visions using four studies in Scotland, The Netherlands and Spain. These studies used STREAMLINE, a visual mixed-method interview format using thematic illustrated canvases designed to provide an inclusive and creative framing for participants to contemplate their desired future. Participants enjoyed the informal visual format, which reduced pressure, increased comfort through the research process, and helped their thinking and reflection about complex topics. They also valued being listened to and having the opportunity to share their views. Researchers appreciated the ability to triangulate rich qualitative data with a variety of quantitative measure through the mixed-method format and the flexibility to adapt the canvases to suit their research aims. Positive participant experience made facilitation easier and was stimulating for the researchers. The credibility and legitimacy of illustration-based interviews will ultimately depend on specific research design-decisions and testing, which can make the approach more resource intensive than conventional interviews. While organisal barriers should be considered realistically, illustration-based interviews can have high saliency by providing useful and usable insights that strengthen land management policy and planning. Inclusive Conservation Participatory planning Governance Visions Visual methods Participatory methods d across Europe use a multitude of forestry terms, often inconsistently. This hinders the comparability across studies and makes the assessment of the impacts of forest management on biodiversity highly context-dependent. Recent attempts to standardize forestry and stand description terminology mostly used a top-down approach that did not account for the perspectives and approaches of forest biodiversity experts. This work aims to establish common standards for silvicultural and vegetation definitions, creating a shared conceptual framework for a consistent study on the effects of forest management on biodiversity. We have identified both strengths and weaknesses of the silvicultural and vegetation information provided in forest biodiversity studies. While quantitative data on forest biomass and dominant tree species are frequently included, information on silvicultural activities and vegetation composition is often lacking, shallow, or based on broad and heterogeneous classifications. We discuss the existing classifications and their use in European forest biodiversity studies through a novel bottom-up and top-driven review process, and ultimately propose a common framework. This will enhance the comparability of forest biodiversity studies in Europe, and puts the basis for effective implementation and monitoring of sustainable forest management policies. The standards here proposed are potentially adaptable and applicable to other geographical areas and could be extended to other forest interventions.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Landscape and Urban ...arrow_drop_down
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    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    NINA Brage
    Article . 2023
    Data sources: NINA Brage
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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    Zurich Open Repository and Archive
    Other literature type . Article . 2023
    License: CC BY
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Landscape and Urban Planning
    Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
    License: CC BY
    Data sources: Crossref
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Landscape and Urban ...arrow_drop_down
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      Article . 2023
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      Zurich Open Repository and Archive
      Other literature type . Article . 2023
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      Landscape and Urban Planning
      Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
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  • image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Authors: von Münchhausen, Susanne; Kirwan, James; Maye, Damian; Muñoz-Rojas, José; +3 Authors

    Globalization of food chains and scale increases in business models are dramatically affecting rural areas in Europe, by a simplification of land use, new urban-rural relations and reshaped social networks. While pressures on land use systems have been increasing due to the competition on commodity markets, the role of territorially embedded production systems remains crucial in keeping farm biodiversity and unique cultural landscapes, as well as social and cultural ties. Building on the social-ecological resilience approach (Darnhofer (2020b), this paper examines the resilience of territorially embedded production systems in different regions of Europe, including emergent and ongoing patterns of material, social and cultural relations. It shows how primary producers improve the resilience of their production systems in response to increasing pressures resulting from changing ecological, economic, social and cultural conditions. Three production systems are examined: carp farming in Middle Franconia, Germany; wine production in Tuscany, Italy; and olive oil production in Alentejo, Portugal. The paper adopts an adapted relational approach to conceptualise how resilience develops in terms of the ability of producers and their networks to develop new markets, reduce costs and add value. Different types of enacted relations (sets of mutually empowering connections in space and time) are identified, including relations among family members, between farmers, along the commodity chain and with other stakeholders, such as tourism, policy and regional administrations. Using these insights, the paper argues that it is important to shift the focus of agricultural resilience from the producer level to the network level, particularly how network dynamics emerge as relations enacted by diverse actors. These collaborative efforts have the potential to enable primary producers to maintain cultural landscapes, preserve their ecosystems and ensure the farms’ economic survival and by extension help to maintain the socio-ecological resilience of territorial production systems.

    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Land Use Policyarrow_drop_down
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    Land Use Policy
    Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
    License: Elsevier TDM
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      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Land Use Policyarrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
      Land Use Policy
      Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Fernanda Carvalho; Maria Margarida R.A. Lima; Elissavet Kavoulaki; Nuno Leal; +5 Authors

    This work was supported by the FEDER funds through the COMPETE 2020 Programme and National Funds through FCT-Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology under the project ref. UIDB/50025/2020-2023,and H2020 EIT Raw Materials MineHeritage Project (PA 18111). Publisher Copyright: © 2023 The Author(s) The Palace of Knossos, located on the island of Crete, Greece, is one of Europe's most important archaeological sites, serving as a testament to the Minoan civilization. Situated near the Mediterranean Sea, it is in close proximity to the seaport, airport, and industrial areas. Decay products commonly found in historical monuments within or near urban areas, such as black crusts and salt efflorescence, are also prevalent at the Palace of Knossos. To better understand the characteristics of the type of deterioration compounds found on cement in historical reconstruction zones, as well as their possible relationship with factors influencing the deterioration process, a multi-analytical approach was designed for the study of these materials. The results indicate that the black crusts primarily consist of gypsum and carbonaceous matter. However, the efflorescence salts are predominantly composed of thenardite instead of halite, despite the palace's proximity to the coastal area. These results may contribute to ongoing and future maintenance and preservation efforts for the monument. publishersversion published

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Repositório da Unive...arrow_drop_down
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    Journal of Cultural Heritage
    Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
    License: CC BY NC ND
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      Journal of Cultural Heritage
      Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Joaquim Perez; Filipe Quintal; Lucas Pereira;

    Efforts to enhance electric vehicle (EV) charging processes have spurred the emergence of smart charging algorithms. However, these studies are intricate and costly, necessitating preliminary simulations to assess EV integration into power grids. Existing solutions to this issue tend to be limited to academia and proprietary systems. To address this, we propose a user-friendly and intuitive simulation tool employing a decoupled and flexible architecture. This architecture, achieved through open design and containerized microservices, streamlines maintenance, extension, and scalability. We substantiated the validity of our solution by simulating the charging infrastructure from an H2020 Research Project. Furthermore, we integrated our solution with an external system that executes smart charging algorithms. The proposed system yielded the desired results, enabling the project team to evaluate both the integration and algorithms, even amidst the COVID-19 lockdown.

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    Electronics
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    Electronics
    Article . 2023
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      Electronics
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      Electronics
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    Authors: Jakob Eggeling; Christofer Rydenfält; Amitava Halder; Jørn Toftum; +3 Authors

    AbstractThe ClimApp smartphone application was developed to merge meteorological forecast data with personal information for individualized and improved thermal warning during heat and cold stress and for indoor comfort in buildings. For cold environments, ClimApp predicts the personal thermal stress and strain by the use of the Insulation REQuired model that combines weather and personal physiological data with additional consideration of the Wind Chill index based on the local weather forecast. In this study, we validated the individualized ClimApp index relative to measurements and compared it with the Universal Temperature Climate Index (UTCI). To this aim, 55 participants (27 females) were exposed to at least 1 h in an outdoor environment of 10 °C or below (average 1.4 °C air temperature, 74.9% relative humidity, and 4.7 m/s air velocity) inputting their activity level and clothing insulation as instructed by ClimApp. The UTCI and ClimApp indices were calculated and compared to the participants’ perceived thermal sensation. The ClimApp index root mean square deviation (RMSD) was below the standard deviation of the perceived thermal sensation which indicates a valid prediction and the UTCI RMSD was higher than the standard deviation which indicates an invalid prediction. The correlation of ClimApp and UTCI to the perceived thermal sensation was statistically significant for both models.

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    International Journal of Biometeorology
    Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
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      International Journal of Biometeorology
      Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Jennifer James; Chedly Kastally; Katharina B Budde; Santiago C González-Martínez; +131 Authors

    New mutations provide the raw material for evolution and adaptation. The distribution of fitness effects (DFE) describes the spectrum of effects of new mutations that can occur along a genome, and is, therefore, of vital interest in evolutionary biology. Recent work has uncovered striking similarities in the DFE between closely related species, prompting us to ask whether there is variation in the DFE among populations of the same species, or among species with different degrees of divergence, that is whether there is variation in the DFE at different levels of evolution. Using exome capture data from six tree species sampled across Europe we characterized the DFE for multiple species, and for each species, multiple populations, and investigated the factors potentially influencing the DFE, such as demography, population divergence, and genetic background. We find statistical support for the presence of variation in the DFE at the species level, even among relatively closely related species. However, we find very little difference at the population level, suggesting that differences in the DFE are primarily driven by deep features of species biology, and those evolutionarily recent events, such as demographic changes and local adaptation, have little impact. Nasl. z nasl. zaslona. Opis vira z dne 12. 12. 2023. Število sodelavcev v konzorciju GenTree Consortium: 128. Sodelavca pri raziskavi: M. Bajc. M. Westergen. Bibliografija: str. 15-16. Abstract.

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    dCOBISS.SI Digital Repository
    Article . 2023
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    CNR ExploRA
    Article . 2023
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    Authors: Chao Yan; Yee Jun Tham; Wei Nie; Men Xia; +26 Authors

    This work is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC) project (92044301, 42220104006, 42075101 and 41975154), the Academy of Finland (1251427, 1139656, 296628, 306853, 316114 and 311932), the Finnish Centre of Excellence (1141135 and 307331), the European Union’s Horizon 2020 programme (ERC, project no.742206 ‘ATM-GTP’, no. 850614 ‘CHAPAs’ and no. 895875 ‘NPF-PANDA’), the trans-national ERA-PLANET project SMURBS (project no. 689443) under the EU Horizon 2020 Framework Programme, the European Regional Development Fund, the Urban Innovative Actions initiative (HOPE; Healthy Outdoor Premises for Everyone, project no. UIA03 − 240), MegaSense by Business Finland (grant no. 7517/31/2018) and Academy of Finland Flagship funding (grant no. 337549). The Beijing University of Chemical Technology team is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (42275117) and the Beijing Natural Science Foundation (8232041). Y.J.T. acknowledges the funding support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (42175118) and the Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation (2022A1515010852). The CSIC team acknowledges the funding support from the European Research Council Executive Agency under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programme (project ERC‐2016‐COG, project no. 726349 CLIMAHAL to A.S.-L.). The Tsinghua University team acknowledges the National Natural Science Foundation of China (22188102) and Samsung PM2.5 SRP. N.M.D. acknowledges the US National Science Foundation grant AGS2132089. H.W. acknowledges the funding support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (42175111). The Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology is funded by the Ministry of Earth Sciences, Government of India. We acknowledge the German federal environmental agency for kindly providing us with the O3, NOx and PM2.5 and PM10 data in Frankfurt and Berlin. The data at the Frankfurt sites were measured by Hessisches Landesamt für Naturschutz, Umwelt und Geologie and the data at the Berlin sites were measured by Senatsverwaltung für Umwelt, Mobilität, Verbraucher- und Klimaschutz. We thank them for their great efort. We acknowledge the Madrid Air Quality Monitoring Network, Smart SMEAR Network, India Central Pollution Control Board and California Air Resources Board for the NOx, O3, CO and PM2.5 open data sources. Nitrate comprises the largest fraction of fine particulate matter in China during severe haze. Consequently, strict control of nitrogen oxides (NOx) emissions has been regarded as an effective measure to combat air pollution. However, this notion is challenged by the persistent severe haze pollution observed during the COVID-19 lockdown when NOx levels substantially declined. Here we present direct field evidence that diminished nitrogen monoxide (NO) during the lockdown activated nocturnal nitrogen chemistry, driving severe haze formation. First, dinitrogen pentoxide (N2O5) heterogeneous reactions dominate particulate nitrate (pNO3−) formation during severe pollution, explaining the higher-than-normal pNO3− fraction in fine particulate matter despite the substantial NOx reduction. Second, N2O5 heterogeneous reactions provide a large source of chlorine radicals on the following day, contributing drastically to the oxidation of volatile organic compounds, and thus the formation of oxygenated organic molecules and secondary organic aerosol. Our findings highlight the increasing importance of such nocturnal nitrogen chemistry in haze formation caused by NOx reduction, motivating refinements to future air pollution control strategies. Peer reviewed

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    Nature Geoscience
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    DIGITAL.CSIC
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      Nature Geoscience
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    Authors: Iglesias González, Rubén;

    Cada año, con la llegada de la época de lluvia y el deshielo en primavera, los deslizamientos de laderas representan una gran amenaza para la vida humana y para un gran número de infraestructuras en entornos naturales. Para abordar esta problemática, tradicionalmente se utilizan técnicas de auscultación que incluyen extensómetros, inclinómetros, piezómetros o redes de Sistemas de Posicionamiento Global (GPS). A pesar de que su uso está muy extendido, estas técnicas presentan un gran número de limitaciones. Por una parte, requieren sensores generalmente caros y complejos, cuya eficiencia está sujeta a la disponibilidad de usuarios expertos para su posterior interpretación. Además, estas técnicas típicamente presentan bajas prestaciones en términos de muestreo espacial y cobertura, dificultando de este modo la caracterización de deslizamientos complejos. Finalmente, requieren la instalación de dispositivos directamente sobre la superficie de deslizamiento, lo cual puede resultar una tarea compleja en zonas de difícil acceso. Durante esta última década, el uso de imágenes de satélite de Radar de Apertura Sintética (SAR) y concretamente el uso de su más notable aplicación, conocida como Interferometría SAR (InSAR), ha experimentado un gran impulso, haciendo posible la observación de estos fenómenos de desplazamiento con precisiones milimétricas. Estos avances están permitiendo el desarrollo de herramientas flexibles por parte de la industria, laboratorios de investigación y universidades, para el estudio de desplazamientos del terreno mediante técnicas InSAR, las cuales están siendo adaptadas para su operatividad e integración con observaciones convencionales y modelos predictivos. Por otra parte, cuando se requiere de una alta flexibilidad en términos de tiempo de revisita, o existe la necesidad de adaptar la orientación del sensor a las características específicas de la zona bajo estudio, la actividad de investigación de un gran número de grupos se ha centrado en el desarrollo de sensores SAR terrestres. Fáciles de implementar y de un menor coste en comparación con soluciones orbitales, estos sensores representan una alternativa muy interesante para la monitorización de zonas localizadas. A pesar de todas estas ventajas, tanto los sensores SAR embarcados en plataformas orbitales como los terrestres presentan distintas limitaciones, especialmente, en áreas montañosas altamente vegetadas donde normalmente se producen los deslizamientos de laderas. Mientras que su rendimiento sobre áreas rocosas es muy satisfactorio en ausencia de nieve, pueden aparecer diferentes limitaciones debido a efectos de decorrelación temporal sobre zonas con vegetación, a distorsiones en la imagen causadas por la geometría de adquisición, a la presencia de artefactos atmosféricos severos en zonas con topografía abrupta o cuando se intentan analizar desplazamientos de carácter rápido. Finalmente, debe tenerse en cuenta que los sensores SAR sólo son sensibles a la componente de desplazamiento en la línea de visión del satélite y por ello, ésta, puede diferir notablemente de la real. Aún queda por tanto un cierto camino por recorrer para superar todas estas limitaciones y convertir a las técnicas InSAR en herramientas totalmente operativas, contexto en el que esta Tesis Doctoral se ha desarrollado. El principal objetivo de esta Tesis Doctoral es el desarrollo de técnicas InSAR para la monitorización de zonas afectadas por deslizamientos de laderas. En concreto, el rendimiento de éstas técnicas para ambas plataformas, orbital y terrestre, se ha comparado y evaluado exhaustivamente en el deslizamiento de El Forn de Canillo, Andorra, que está considerado como con uno de los mayores deslizamientos de ladera de los Pirineos. Las técnicas presentadas en esta Tesis Doctoral proporcionan evidencias para la toma de decisión, apoyadas por la ciencia, con el fin de facilitar la gestión de los riesgos asociados con los deslizamientos de laderas inestables. Every year, with the onset of spring rains and snow melting, landslides represent one of the major threats to human life and infrastructures in natural environments. In this context, different surveying techniques, such as inclinometers, extensometers, piezometers or Global Positioning System (GPS) networks, are typically employed to address landslide monitoring problem. Nonetheless, these conventional techniques present several limitations. They are labor, expensive and usually require skillful users to data interpretation. Moreover, they typically provide poor spatial sampling and coverage, which hinder the characterization of complex landslides. Finally, these techniques require the direct installation of devices over the landslide surface, which could be a complex task, sometimes impossible to fulfill, in hard-to-reach locations. During the last decade, Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) Interferometry (InSAR) techniques based on space-borne SAR sensors have matured to a widely used geodetic tool for the precise monitoring of complex displacement phenomena with millimetric accuracy. Concretely, the new family of X-band SAR sensors, like the German TerraSAR-X and TanDEM-X satellites or the Italian constellation Cosmo-Skymed, have led to a scientific breakthrough presenting a lower revisiting time (up to few days) and an improved spatial resolution (up to the meter), compared with their predecessors ERS-1/2, ENVISAT-ASAR or RADARSAT-1, which worked at C-band. The industry, research laboratories, and universities are developing flexible tools for displacement monitoring analysis by means of space-borne InSAR techniques, which are being adapted for its fully operational use and for its integration with conventional observations and predictive models. Contrarily, when a high flexibility in terms of revisiting-time is required, or the need to fit the sensor orientation to the specific characteristics of the area under study exists, the research activity of several groups has been addressed to the development of Ground-Based SAR (GB-SAR) sensors. Easy to deploy, and cheaper if compared with space-borne solutions, GB-SAR sensors are a potential alternative, ideal for the monitoring of small-scale areas. The high stability of the sensor platform, and its flexibility in terms of revisiting time, make these systems an excellent option to detect displacements with a high temporal resolution of up to few minutes. Despite all these clear advantages, SAR sensors based on both space-borne and ground-based platforms also present some limitations, especially, over vegetated scenarios in mountainous environments, where landslides typically occur. Whereas its performance over bare surfaces or rocky areas is satisfactory during snow-free seasons, severe limitations arise from temporal decorrelation over vegetated areas, due to layover and shadowing effects caused by SAR geometrical distortions, the presence of tropospheric atmospheric artifacts or when rapid displacements are faced. Finally, it must be taken into account that SAR sensors are only sensitive to the satellite-to-target component of displacement, which may notably differ from the real one. There is still some way to go in order to overcome all these limitations and convert InSAR techniques into fully operational tools, context in which this PhD Thesis has been developed. The main objective of this PhD Thesis is the development of advanced InSAR techniques for the monitoring of areas affected by landslides. Concretely, the performance of both space-borne and ground-based SAR sensors will be compared and evaluated in the area of El Forn de Canillo, Andorra, which corresponds to one of the biggest landslides of the Pyrenees. The techniques presented in this PhD Thesis provide evidences for informed decision making, supported by the science, in order to ease the management of the geo-hazard risk associated with active landslides. Cada any, amb l'arribada de l'època de pluges i desglaç a la primavera, les esllavissades representen una gran amenaça per a la vida humana i per a un gran nombre d'infraestructures en entorns naturals. Per abordar aquesta problemàtica, tradicionalment s'utilitzen tècniques d'auscultació que inclouen extensòmetres, inclinòmetres, piezòmetres o xarxes de Sistemes de Posicionament Global (GPS). Tot i que el seu ús està molt estès, aquestes tècniques presenten un gran nombre de limitacions. D'una banda, requereixen de sensors generalment cars i complexes, on la seva eficiència està subjecta a la disponibilitat d'usuaris experts per a la seva posterior interpretació. A més, aquestes tècniques típicament presenten baixes prestacions en termes de mostreig espacial i cobertura, dificultant d'aquesta manera la caracterització d'esllavissades complexes. Finalment, requereixen de la instal·lació de dispositius directament sobre la superfície de l'esllavissada, la qual cosa pot resultar una tasca complicada en zones de difícil accés.Durant aquesta última dècada, l'ús d'imatges de satèl·lit de Radar d'Obertura Sintètica (SAR) i més concretament l'ús de la seva aplicació més notable, coneguda com Interferometria SAR (InSAR), ha experimentat un gran impuls, fent possible l'observació de fenòmens de desplaçament complexos amb precisions mil·limètriques. Aquests avanços estan permetent el desenvolupament d'eines flexibles per part de la indústria, laboratoris d'investigació i universitats, per a l'estudi de desplaçaments del terreny mitjançant tècniques InSAR, les quals s'estan adaptant per a la seva operativitat i integració amb observacions convencionals i models predictius.D'altra banda, quan es requereix d'una alta flexibilitat en termes de temps de revisita, o hi ha la necessitat d'adaptar l'orientació del sensor a les característiques específiques de la zona sota estudi, l'activitat de recerca d'un gran nombre de grups s'ha centrat en el desenvolupament de sensors SAR terrestres. Fàcils d'implementar i d'un menor cost en comparació amb solucions orbitals, aquests sensors representen una alternativa molt interessant per a la monitorització de zones localitzades. Malgrat tots aquests avantatges, tants els sensors SAR embarcats en plataformes orbitals com els terrestres presenten diferents limitacions, especialment, en àrees muntanyoses altament vegetades on normalment es produeixen les esllavissades. Mentre que el seu rendiment sobre àrees rocoses és molt satisfactori en absència de neu, poden aparèixer diferents limitacions degut a efectes de decorrelació temporal sobre zones amb vegetació, a distorsions en la imatge causades per la geometria d'adquisició, a la presència d'artefactes atmosfèrics severs en zones amb topografia abrupta o quan s'intenten analitzar desplaçaments de caràcter ràpid. Finalment, cal tenir en compte que els sensors SAR només són sensibles a la component de desplaçament a la línia de visió del satèl·lit i per tant, aquesta, pot diferir notablement de la real. Encara queda un cert camí per recórrer per superar totes aquestes limitacions i convertir a les tècniques InSAR en eines totalment operatives, context en què aquesta Tesi Doctoral s'ha desenvolupat.El principal objectiu d'aquesta Tesi Doctoral és el desenvolupament de tècniques InSAR per al monitoratge de zones afectades per esllavissades. En concret, el rendiment d'aquestes tècniques per a ambdues plataformes, orbital i terrestre, s'ha comparat i avaluat exhaustivament en el lliscament del Forn de Canillo, Andorra, que està considerat com una de les majors esllavissades dels Pirineus.Les tècniques presentades en aquesta Tesi Doctoral proporcionen evidències per a la presa de decisió, recolzades per la ciència, per tal de facilitar la gestió dels riscos associats amb les esllavissades. Premi extraordinari doctorat UPC curs 2015-2016, àmbit Enginyeria de les TIC Award-winning

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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Galimany, Eve; Lucas Forcadell, Arturo; Maynou, Francesc; Solé, Montserrat; +2 Authors

    Marine bivalves are found as key components of coastal habitats and have several important roles, such as serving as a food source for human beings and aquatic organisms. In fact, as the world's population continues to grow, bivalve aquaculture is expected to increase in importance as a means of addressing demands for animal protein; however, its growth may be possibly compromised by unfavourable climatic conditions. Thus, we assessed the effects of increased water temperature and acidification on the seeds of a bivalve of commercial importance, the Manila clam, Ruditapes philippinarum, in order to understand how this species may be affected by climate change at its early life stages. We examined the expected response of clams by experimentally mimicking seasonal conditions that could be forecasted to occur at the end of the twenty-first century. Different physiological responses were measured including growth rates, clearance rate, burrowing time and different biochemical biomarkers of metabolic stress. The results showed that growth decreased in acidic experimental conditions in spring, with a weak interaction with temperature. Clearance rate was negatively affected by a lower pH in spring and summer but, under extreme summer conditions, the effect of pH was overridden by the negative impact of a higher temperature. Burrowing rates were reduced by half under warm temperature conditions in spring and summer. In contrast, biochemical biomarkers were only significantly depicted under climate change conditions in autumn. Overall, this study demonstrates the need to consider seasonality when evaluating the potential effects of climate change on clam aquaculture in order to forecast consequences for biological production This research is part of the CERES project (H2020, EU 678193). We are grateful to the staff of the Aquaria and Experimental Chambers (ZAE) of the Institute of Marine Sciences (ICM-CSIC) and the institutional support of the ‘Severo Ochoa Centre of Excellence’ accreditation (CEX2019-000928-S) 11 pages, 5 figures, 3 tables, supplementary data https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2023.739891.-- Data availability: Data will be made available on request Peer reviewed

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    Aquaculture
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      Aquaculture
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    Authors: Duncan, Emily M; Vieira, Nina; González-Irusta, José Manuel; Dominguez-Carrió, Carlos; +14 Authors

    This work contributes to the PO2020 PLASTDEEP (ACORES-01-0145-FEDER-000125) and MapGES (Acores-01-0145-FEDER-000056) research projects and to the European Union's Horizon 2020 Research and innovation programme under grant agreements No 678760 (ATLAS) and No 818123 (iAtlantic). This output reflects only the authors' views and the European Union cannot be held responsible for any use that may be made of the information contained therein. We acknowledge all projects and programs that collected images by multiple ROV, submersible and towed video surveys, including those conducted within the MapGES, Estrutura de Missão para Extensão da Plataforma Continental (EMEPC; Cruzeiro Científico EMEPC/LUSO/Açores/2009), MEDWAVES (ATLAS No 678760, with logistic and technical assistance from the UTM –CSIC– and the financial support from the Spanish Ministry of Economy, Industry and Competitivity), Blue Azores 2018 (National Geographic Pristine Seas program, Oceano Azul Foundation, and Waitt Institute), NICO 12 Expedition, Pelagia Rainbow and Terceira 2019 (cruises 64PE441, 64PE454, and 64PE456; Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research NWO for funding and Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research NIOZ for organising the Netherlands Initiative Changing Oceans NICO expedition in 2018). The EXPLOSEA2 cruise was funded by the Spanish Ministry for Science and Innovation as part of the project EXPLOSEA (grant CTM201675947-R). We deeply thank all PIs, crews and scientists that participated in all these surveys. CD-C was supported by the PO2020 projects MapGES and DeepWalls (Acores-01-0145-FEDER-000056 and Acores-01-0145-FEDER-000124) and by the FCT-IP Project UIDP/05634/2020. TM was supported by Program Investigador FCT (IF/01194/2013), and the IFCT Exploratory Project (IF/01194/2013/CP1199/CT0002) from the Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia (POPH and QREN). TM and MCS were also supported by the FCT-IP Program Stimulus of Scientific Employment (CCCIND/03345/2020 and CCCIND/03346/2020, respectively) and the H2020 programme No 689518 (MERCES) and No 818123 (iAtlantic). LR was supported by the H2020 programme No 818123 (iAtlantic) and Horizon Europe No 101059407 (MarinePlan). J.M.P. was funded by the Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia (FCT) Doctoral Grant 2021.04875.BD. CKP received support from the Operational Program Azores 2020, through the Fund 01-0145-FEDER-000140 “MarAZ Researchers: Consolidate a body of researchers in Marine Sciences in the Azores” of the European Union. We also acknowledge funds through the FCT – Foundation for Science and Technology, I.P., under the project OKEANOS UIDB/05634/2020 and through the FCT Regional Government of the Azores under the project M1.1. A/REEQ.CIENTÍFICO UI&D/2021/010. Abandoned, lost, or discarded fishing gear (ALDFG), represents a significant percentage of the global plastic pollution, currently considered one of the major sources from sea-based activities. However, there is still limited understanding of the quantities of ALDFG present on the seafloor and their impacts. In this study, data on the presence of ALDFG was obtained from a large archive of seafloor video footage (351 dives) collected by different imaging platforms in the Azores region over 15 years (2006-2020). Most ALDFG items observed in the images relate to the local bottom longline fishery operating in the region, and include longlines but also anchors, weights, cables and buoys. A generalized additive mixed model (GAMM) was used to predict the distribution and abundance of ALDFG over the seafloor within the limits of the Azores Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) using a suite of environmental and anthropogenic variables. We estimated an average of 113 ± 310 items km-2 (597 ± 756 per km-2 above 1000 m depth), which could imply that over 20 million ALDFG items are present on the deep seafloor of the Azores EEZ. The resulting model identified potential hotspots of ALDFG along the seabed, some of them located over sensitive benthic habitats, such as specific seamounts. In addition, the interactions between ALDFG and benthic organisms were also analysed. Numerous entanglements were observed with several species of large anthozoans and sponges. The use of predictive distribution modelling for ALDFG should be regarded as a useful tool to support ecosystem-based management, which can provide indirect information about fishing pressure and allow the identification of potential high-risk areas. Additional knowledge about the sources, amounts, fates and impacts of ALDFG will be key to address the global issue of plastic pollution and the effects of fishing on marine ecosystems. Peer reviewed

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    The Science of The Total Environment
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      The Science of The Total Environment
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    Authors: Metzger, Marc J; Keller, Rose; Lo, Veronica; Filyushkina, Anna; +4 Authors

    Forest biodiversity studies conduct Visions help to understand common ground and tensions among citizens and stakeholders, supporting inclusive land management and conservation solutions to the climate emergency and biodiversity crisis. With careful design and sufficient resource, it is possible to bring together communities and other stakeholders to share perspectives and deliberate desired futures, identifying more acceptable alternatives and avoiding costly delays. We evaluated researcher and participant experiences of illustration-based interviews to understand land management visions using four studies in Scotland, The Netherlands and Spain. These studies used STREAMLINE, a visual mixed-method interview format using thematic illustrated canvases designed to provide an inclusive and creative framing for participants to contemplate their desired future. Participants enjoyed the informal visual format, which reduced pressure, increased comfort through the research process, and helped their thinking and reflection about complex topics. They also valued being listened to and having the opportunity to share their views. Researchers appreciated the ability to triangulate rich qualitative data with a variety of quantitative measure through the mixed-method format and the flexibility to adapt the canvases to suit their research aims. Positive participant experience made facilitation easier and was stimulating for the researchers. The credibility and legitimacy of illustration-based interviews will ultimately depend on specific research design-decisions and testing, which can make the approach more resource intensive than conventional interviews. While organisal barriers should be considered realistically, illustration-based interviews can have high saliency by providing useful and usable insights that strengthen land management policy and planning. Inclusive Conservation Participatory planning Governance Visions Visual methods Participatory methods d across Europe use a multitude of forestry terms, often inconsistently. This hinders the comparability across studies and makes the assessment of the impacts of forest management on biodiversity highly context-dependent. Recent attempts to standardize forestry and stand description terminology mostly used a top-down approach that did not account for the perspectives and approaches of forest biodiversity experts. This work aims to establish common standards for silvicultural and vegetation definitions, creating a shared conceptual framework for a consistent study on the effects of forest management on biodiversity. We have identified both strengths and weaknesses of the silvicultural and vegetation information provided in forest biodiversity studies. While quantitative data on forest biomass and dominant tree species are frequently included, information on silvicultural activities and vegetation composition is often lacking, shallow, or based on broad and heterogeneous classifications. We discuss the existing classifications and their use in European forest biodiversity studies through a novel bottom-up and top-driven review process, and ultimately propose a common framework. This will enhance the comparability of forest biodiversity studies in Europe, and puts the basis for effective implementation and monitoring of sustainable forest management policies. The standards here proposed are potentially adaptable and applicable to other geographical areas and could be extended to other forest interventions.

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    Zurich Open Repository and Archive
    Other literature type . Article . 2023
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    Landscape and Urban Planning
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    Authors: von Münchhausen, Susanne; Kirwan, James; Maye, Damian; Muñoz-Rojas, José; +3 Authors

    Globalization of food chains and scale increases in business models are dramatically affecting rural areas in Europe, by a simplification of land use, new urban-rural relations and reshaped social networks. While pressures on land use systems have been increasing due to the competition on commodity markets, the role of territorially embedded production systems remains crucial in keeping farm biodiversity and unique cultural landscapes, as well as social and cultural ties. Building on the social-ecological resilience approach (Darnhofer (2020b), this paper examines the resilience of territorially embedded production systems in different regions of Europe, including emergent and ongoing patterns of material, social and cultural relations. It shows how primary producers improve the resilience of their production systems in response to increasing pressures resulting from changing ecological, economic, social and cultural conditions. Three production systems are examined: carp farming in Middle Franconia, Germany; wine production in Tuscany, Italy; and olive oil production in Alentejo, Portugal. The paper adopts an adapted relational approach to conceptualise how resilience develops in terms of the ability of producers and their networks to develop new markets, reduce costs and add value. Different types of enacted relations (sets of mutually empowering connections in space and time) are identified, including relations among family members, between farmers, along the commodity chain and with other stakeholders, such as tourism, policy and regional administrations. Using these insights, the paper argues that it is important to shift the focus of agricultural resilience from the producer level to the network level, particularly how network dynamics emerge as relations enacted by diverse actors. These collaborative efforts have the potential to enable primary producers to maintain cultural landscapes, preserve their ecosystems and ensure the farms’ economic survival and by extension help to maintain the socio-ecological resilience of territorial production systems.

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    Land Use Policy
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      Land Use Policy
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    Authors: Fernanda Carvalho; Maria Margarida R.A. Lima; Elissavet Kavoulaki; Nuno Leal; +5 Authors

    This work was supported by the FEDER funds through the COMPETE 2020 Programme and National Funds through FCT-Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology under the project ref. UIDB/50025/2020-2023,and H2020 EIT Raw Materials MineHeritage Project (PA 18111). Publisher Copyright: © 2023 The Author(s) The Palace of Knossos, located on the island of Crete, Greece, is one of Europe's most important archaeological sites, serving as a testament to the Minoan civilization. Situated near the Mediterranean Sea, it is in close proximity to the seaport, airport, and industrial areas. Decay products commonly found in historical monuments within or near urban areas, such as black crusts and salt efflorescence, are also prevalent at the Palace of Knossos. To better understand the characteristics of the type of deterioration compounds found on cement in historical reconstruction zones, as well as their possible relationship with factors influencing the deterioration process, a multi-analytical approach was designed for the study of these materials. The results indicate that the black crusts primarily consist of gypsum and carbonaceous matter. However, the efflorescence salts are predominantly composed of thenardite instead of halite, despite the palace's proximity to the coastal area. These results may contribute to ongoing and future maintenance and preservation efforts for the monument. publishersversion published

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    Journal of Cultural Heritage
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      Journal of Cultural Heritage
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    Authors: Joaquim Perez; Filipe Quintal; Lucas Pereira;

    Efforts to enhance electric vehicle (EV) charging processes have spurred the emergence of smart charging algorithms. However, these studies are intricate and costly, necessitating preliminary simulations to assess EV integration into power grids. Existing solutions to this issue tend to be limited to academia and proprietary systems. To address this, we propose a user-friendly and intuitive simulation tool employing a decoupled and flexible architecture. This architecture, achieved through open design and containerized microservices, streamlines maintenance, extension, and scalability. We substantiated the validity of our solution by simulating the charging infrastructure from an H2020 Research Project. Furthermore, we integrated our solution with an external system that executes smart charging algorithms. The proposed system yielded the desired results, enabling the project team to evaluate both the integration and algorithms, even amidst the COVID-19 lockdown.

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    Electronics
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    Authors: Jakob Eggeling; Christofer Rydenfält; Amitava Halder; Jørn Toftum; +3 Authors

    AbstractThe ClimApp smartphone application was developed to merge meteorological forecast data with personal information for individualized and improved thermal warning during heat and cold stress and for indoor comfort in buildings. For cold environments, ClimApp predicts the personal thermal stress and strain by the use of the Insulation REQuired model that combines weather and personal physiological data with additional consideration of the Wind Chill index based on the local weather forecast. In this study, we validated the individualized ClimApp index relative to measurements and compared it with the Universal Temperature Climate Index (UTCI). To this aim, 55 participants (27 females) were exposed to at least 1 h in an outdoor environment of 10 °C or below (average 1.4 °C air temperature, 74.9% relative humidity, and 4.7 m/s air velocity) inputting their activity level and clothing insulation as instructed by ClimApp. The UTCI and ClimApp indices were calculated and compared to the participants’ perceived thermal sensation. The ClimApp index root mean square deviation (RMSD) was below the standard deviation of the perceived thermal sensation which indicates a valid prediction and the UTCI RMSD was higher than the standard deviation which indicates an invalid prediction. The correlation of ClimApp and UTCI to the perceived thermal sensation was statistically significant for both models.

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    International Journal of Biometeorology
    Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
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      International Journal of Biometeorology
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    Authors: Jennifer James; Chedly Kastally; Katharina B Budde; Santiago C González-Martínez; +131 Authors

    New mutations provide the raw material for evolution and adaptation. The distribution of fitness effects (DFE) describes the spectrum of effects of new mutations that can occur along a genome, and is, therefore, of vital interest in evolutionary biology. Recent work has uncovered striking similarities in the DFE between closely related species, prompting us to ask whether there is variation in the DFE among populations of the same species, or among species with different degrees of divergence, that is whether there is variation in the DFE at different levels of evolution. Using exome capture data from six tree species sampled across Europe we characterized the DFE for multiple species, and for each species, multiple populations, and investigated the factors potentially influencing the DFE, such as demography, population divergence, and genetic background. We find statistical support for the presence of variation in the DFE at the species level, even among relatively closely related species. However, we find very little difference at the population level, suggesting that differences in the DFE are primarily driven by deep features of species biology, and those evolutionarily recent events, such as demographic changes and local adaptation, have little impact. Nasl. z nasl. zaslona. Opis vira z dne 12. 12. 2023. Število sodelavcev v konzorciju GenTree Consortium: 128. Sodelavca pri raziskavi: M. Bajc. M. Westergen. Bibliografija: str. 15-16. Abstract.

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    Authors: Chao Yan; Yee Jun Tham; Wei Nie; Men Xia; +26 Authors

    This work is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC) project (92044301, 42220104006, 42075101 and 41975154), the Academy of Finland (1251427, 1139656, 296628, 306853, 316114 and 311932), the Finnish Centre of Excellence (1141135 and 307331), the European Union’s Horizon 2020 programme (ERC, project no.742206 ‘ATM-GTP’, no. 850614 ‘CHAPAs’ and no. 895875 ‘NPF-PANDA’), the trans-national ERA-PLANET project SMURBS (project no. 689443) under the EU Horizon 2020 Framework Programme, the European Regional Development Fund, the Urban Innovative Actions initiative (HOPE; Healthy Outdoor Premises for Everyone, project no. UIA03 − 240), MegaSense by Business Finland (grant no. 7517/31/2018) and Academy of Finland Flagship funding (grant no. 337549). The Beijing University of Chemical Technology team is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (42275117) and the Beijing Natural Science Foundation (8232041). Y.J.T. acknowledges the funding support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (42175118) and the Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation (2022A1515010852). The CSIC team acknowledges the funding support from the European Research Council Executive Agency under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programme (project ERC‐2016‐COG, project no. 726349 CLIMAHAL to A.S.-L.). The Tsinghua University team acknowledges the National Natural Science Foundation of China (22188102) and Samsung PM2.5 SRP. N.M.D. acknowledges the US National Science Foundation grant AGS2132089. H.W. acknowledges the funding support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (42175111). The Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology is funded by the Ministry of Earth Sciences, Government of India. We acknowledge the German federal environmental agency for kindly providing us with the O3, NOx and PM2.5 and PM10 data in Frankfurt and Berlin. The data at the Frankfurt sites were measured by Hessisches Landesamt für Naturschutz, Umwelt und Geologie and the data at the Berlin sites were measured by Senatsverwaltung für Umwelt, Mobilität, Verbraucher- und Klimaschutz. We thank them for their great efort. We acknowledge the Madrid Air Quality Monitoring Network, Smart SMEAR Network, India Central Pollution Control Board and California Air Resources Board for the NOx, O3, CO and PM2.5 open data sources. Nitrate comprises the largest fraction of fine particulate matter in China during severe haze. Consequently, strict control of nitrogen oxides (NOx) emissions has been regarded as an effective measure to combat air pollution. However, this notion is challenged by the persistent severe haze pollution observed during the COVID-19 lockdown when NOx levels substantially declined. Here we present direct field evidence that diminished nitrogen monoxide (NO) during the lockdown activated nocturnal nitrogen chemistry, driving severe haze formation. First, dinitrogen pentoxide (N2O5) heterogeneous reactions dominate particulate nitrate (pNO3−) formation during severe pollution, explaining the higher-than-normal pNO3− fraction in fine particulate matter despite the substantial NOx reduction. Second, N2O5 heterogeneous reactions provide a large source of chlorine radicals on the following day, contributing drastically to the oxidation of volatile organic compounds, and thus the formation of oxygenated organic molecules and secondary organic aerosol. Our findings highlight the increasing importance of such nocturnal nitrogen chemistry in haze formation caused by NOx reduction, motivating refinements to future air pollution control strategies. Peer reviewed

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    Nature Geoscience
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      Nature Geoscience
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    Authors: Iglesias González, Rubén;

    Cada año, con la llegada de la época de lluvia y el deshielo en primavera, los deslizamientos de laderas representan una gran amenaza para la vida humana y para un gran número de infraestructuras en entornos naturales. Para abordar esta problemática, tradicionalmente se utilizan técnicas de auscultación que incluyen extensómetros, inclinómetros, piezómetros o redes de Sistemas de Posicionamiento Global (GPS). A pesar de que su uso está muy extendido, estas técnicas presentan un gran número de limitaciones. Por una parte, requieren sensores generalmente caros y complejos, cuya eficiencia está sujeta a la disponibilidad de usuarios expertos para su posterior interpretación. Además, estas técnicas típicamente presentan bajas prestaciones en términos de muestreo espacial y cobertura, dificultando de este modo la caracterización de deslizamientos complejos. Finalmente, requieren la instalación de dispositivos directamente sobre la superficie de deslizamiento, lo cual puede resultar una tarea compleja en zonas de difícil acceso. Durante esta última década, el uso de imágenes de satélite de Radar de Apertura Sintética (SAR) y concretamente el uso de su más notable aplicación, conocida como Interferometría SAR (InSAR), ha experimentado un gran impulso, haciendo posible la observación de estos fenómenos de desplazamiento con precisiones milimétricas. Estos avances están permitiendo el desarrollo de herramientas flexibles por parte de la industria, laboratorios de investigación y universidades, para el estudio de desplazamientos del terreno mediante técnicas InSAR, las cuales están siendo adaptadas para su operatividad e integración con observaciones convencionales y modelos predictivos. Por otra parte, cuando se requiere de una alta flexibilidad en términos de tiempo de revisita, o existe la necesidad de adaptar la orientación del sensor a las características específicas de la zona bajo estudio, la actividad de investigación de un gran número de grupos se ha centrado en el desarrollo de sensores SAR terrestres. Fáciles de implementar y de un menor coste en comparación con soluciones orbitales, estos sensores representan una alternativa muy interesante para la monitorización de zonas localizadas. A pesar de todas estas ventajas, tanto los sensores SAR embarcados en plataformas orbitales como los terrestres presentan distintas limitaciones, especialmente, en áreas montañosas altamente vegetadas donde normalmente se producen los deslizamientos de laderas. Mientras que su rendimiento sobre áreas rocosas es muy satisfactorio en ausencia de nieve, pueden aparecer diferentes limitaciones debido a efectos de decorrelación temporal sobre zonas con vegetación, a distorsiones en la imagen causadas por la geometría de adquisición, a la presencia de artefactos atmosféricos severos en zonas con topografía abrupta o cuando se intentan analizar desplazamientos de carácter rápido. Finalmente, debe tenerse en cuenta que los sensores SAR sólo son sensibles a la componente de desplazamiento en la línea de visión del satélite y por ello, ésta, puede diferir notablemente de la real. Aún queda por tanto un cierto camino por recorrer para superar todas estas limitaciones y convertir a las técnicas InSAR en herramientas totalmente operativas, contexto en el que esta Tesis Doctoral se ha desarrollado. El principal objetivo de esta Tesis Doctoral es el desarrollo de técnicas InSAR para la monitorización de zonas afectadas por deslizamientos de laderas. En concreto, el rendimiento de éstas técnicas para ambas plataformas, orbital y terrestre, se ha comparado y evaluado exhaustivamente en el deslizamiento de El Forn de Canillo, Andorra, que está considerado como con uno de los mayores deslizamientos de ladera de los Pirineos. Las técnicas presentadas en esta Tesis Doctoral proporcionan evidencias para la toma de decisión, apoyadas por la ciencia, con el fin de facilitar la gestión de los riesgos asociados con los deslizamientos de laderas inestables. Every year, with the onset of spring rains and snow melting, landslides represent one of the major threats to human life and infrastructures in natural environments. In this context, different surveying techniques, such as inclinometers, extensometers, piezometers or Global Positioning System (GPS) networks, are typically employed to address landslide monitoring problem. Nonetheless, these conventional techniques present several limitations. They are labor, expensive and usually require skillful users to data interpretation. Moreover, they typically provide poor spatial sampling and coverage, which hinder the characterization of complex landslides. Finally, these techniques require the direct installation of devices over the landslide surface, which could be a complex task, sometimes impossible to fulfill, in hard-to-reach locations. During the last decade, Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) Interferometry (InSAR) techniques based on space-borne SAR sensors have matured to a widely used geodetic tool for the precise monitoring of complex displacement phenomena with millimetric accuracy. Concretely, the new family of X-band SAR sensors, like the German TerraSAR-X and TanDEM-X satellites or the Italian constellation Cosmo-Skymed, have led to a scientific breakthrough presenting a lower revisiting time (up to few days) and an improved spatial resolution (up to the meter), compared with their predecessors ERS-1/2, ENVISAT-ASAR or RADARSAT-1, which worked at C-band. The industry, research laboratories, and universities are developing flexible tools for displacement monitoring analysis by means of space-borne InSAR techniques, which are being adapted for its fully operational use and for its integration with conventional observations and predictive models. Contrarily, when a high flexibility in terms of revisiting-time is required, or the need to fit the sensor orientation to the specific characteristics of the area under study exists, the research activity of several groups has been addressed to the development of Ground-Based SAR (GB-SAR) sensors. Easy to deploy, and cheaper if compared with space-borne solutions, GB-SAR sensors are a potential alternative, ideal for the monitoring of small-scale areas. The high stability of the sensor platform, and its flexibility in terms of revisiting time, make these systems an excellent option to detect displacements with a high temporal resolution of up to few minutes. Despite all these clear advantages, SAR sensors based on both space-borne and ground-based platforms also present some limitations, especially, over vegetated scenarios in mountainous environments, where landslides typically occur. Whereas its performance over bare surfaces or rocky areas is satisfactory during snow-free seasons, severe limitations arise from temporal decorrelation over vegetated areas, due to layover and shadowing effects caused by SAR geometrical distortions, the presence of tropospheric atmospheric artifacts or when rapid displacements are faced. Finally, it must be taken into account that SAR sensors are only sensitive to the satellite-to-target component of displacement, which may notably differ from the real one. There is still some way to go in order to overcome all these limitations and convert InSAR techniques into fully operational tools, context in which this PhD Thesis has been developed. The main objective of this PhD Thesis is the development of advanced InSAR techniques for the monitoring of areas affected by landslides. Concretely, the performance of both space-borne and ground-based SAR sensors will be compared and evaluated in the area of El Forn de Canillo, Andorra, which corresponds to one of the biggest landslides of the Pyrenees. The techniques presented in this PhD Thesis provide evidences for informed decision making, supported by the science, in order to ease the management of the geo-hazard risk associated with active landslides. Cada any, amb l'arribada de l'època de pluges i desglaç a la primavera, les esllavissades representen una gran amenaça per a la vida humana i per a un gran nombre d'infraestructures en entorns naturals. Per abordar aquesta problemàtica, tradicionalment s'utilitzen tècniques d'auscultació que inclouen extensòmetres, inclinòmetres, piezòmetres o xarxes de Sistemes de Posicionament Global (GPS). Tot i que el seu ús està molt estès, aquestes tècniques presenten un gran nombre de limitacions. D'una banda, requereixen de sensors generalment cars i complexes, on la seva eficiència està subjecta a la disponibilitat d'usuaris experts per a la seva posterior interpretació. A més, aquestes tècniques típicament presenten baixes prestacions en termes de mostreig espacial i cobertura, dificultant d'aquesta manera la caracterització d'esllavissades complexes. Finalment, requereixen de la instal·lació de dispositius directament sobre la superfície de l'esllavissada, la qual cosa pot resultar una tasca complicada en zones de difícil accés.Durant aquesta última dècada, l'ús d'imatges de satèl·lit de Radar d'Obertura Sintètica (SAR) i més concretament l'ús de la seva aplicació més notable, coneguda com Interferometria SAR (InSAR), ha experimentat un gran impuls, fent possible l'observació de fenòmens de desplaçament complexos amb precisions mil·limètriques. Aquests avanços estan permetent el desenvolupament d'eines flexibles per part de la indústria, laboratoris d'investigació i universitats, per a l'estudi de desplaçaments del terreny mitjançant tècniques InSAR, les quals s'estan adaptant per a la seva operativitat i integració amb observacions convencionals i models predictius.D'altra banda, quan es requereix d'una alta flexibilitat en termes de temps de revisita, o hi ha la necessitat d'adaptar l'orientació del sensor a les característiques específiques de la zona sota estudi, l'activitat de recerca d'un gran nombre de grups s'ha centrat en el desenvolupament de sensors SAR terrestres. Fàcils d'implementar i d'un menor cost en comparació amb solucions orbitals, aquests sensors representen una alternativa molt interessant per a la monitorització de zones localitzades. Malgrat tots aquests avantatges, tants els sensors SAR embarcats en plataformes orbitals com els terrestres presenten diferents limitacions, especialment, en àrees muntanyoses altament vegetades on normalment es produeixen les esllavissades. Mentre que el seu rendiment sobre àrees rocoses és molt satisfactori en absència de neu, poden aparèixer diferents limitacions degut a efectes de decorrelació temporal sobre zones amb vegetació, a distorsions en la imatge causades per la geometria d'adquisició, a la presència d'artefactes atmosfèrics severs en zones amb topografia abrupta o quan s'intenten analitzar desplaçaments de caràcter ràpid. Finalment, cal tenir en compte que els sensors SAR només són sensibles a la component de desplaçament a la línia de visió del satèl·lit i per tant, aquesta, pot diferir notablement de la real. Encara queda un cert camí per recórrer per superar totes aquestes limitacions i convertir a les tècniques InSAR en eines totalment operatives, context en què aquesta Tesi Doctoral s'ha desenvolupat.El principal objectiu d'aquesta Tesi Doctoral és el desenvolupament de tècniques InSAR per al monitoratge de zones afectades per esllavissades. En concret, el rendiment d'aquestes tècniques per a ambdues plataformes, orbital i terrestre, s'ha comparat i avaluat exhaustivament en el lliscament del Forn de Canillo, Andorra, que està considerat com una de les majors esllavissades dels Pirineus.Les tècniques presentades en aquesta Tesi Doctoral proporcionen evidències per a la presa de decisió, recolzades per la ciència, per tal de facilitar la gestió dels riscos associats amb les esllavissades. Premi extraordinari doctorat UPC curs 2015-2016, àmbit Enginyeria de les TIC Award-winning

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      https://doi.org/10.5821/disser...
      Thesis . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
      License: CC BY NC ND
      Data sources: Crossref
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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      Recolector de Ciencia Abierta, RECOLECTA
      Doctoral thesis . 2015
      License: CC BY NC ND
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